Analisis Kelayakan Ekonomi Berbagai Sistem Sadap pada Panel Bo Tanaman Karet (Studi Kasus Kebun Batujamus Jawa Tengah)

Fluktuasi harga karet merupakan fenomena yang tidak dapat dihindari, namun pebisnis karet senantiasa berusaha bertahan agar biaya produksi rendah dan produktivitas kebun meningkat. Salah satu USAha yang dilakukan adalah penurunan frekuensi sadap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan ekonomi berbagai sistem sadap di panel BO dengan variasi frekuensi sadap dan stimulansia yang diharapkan mampu menurunkan biaya penyadapan dan penggunaan tenaga penyadap. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Batujamus milik Perusahaan negara mulai Oktober 2015 hingga Oktober 2016. Penelitian disusun dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap dengan 11 perlakuan sistem sadap dan 3 ulangan. Analisis anggaran parsial digunakan untuk menilai kelayakan ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem sadap yang layak untuk diterapkan adalah sistem sadap S/2d3.ET2.5%.Ga.1.m/3, S/2 d3.ET2.5%.Ga.1.2w, S/2 d3.ET4.0%.Ga.1.2w, S/2 d4.ET4.0%.Ga.1.2w dan S/2 d4.ET5.0%.Ga.1.2w. Adapun sistem sadap S/2 d3.ET5.0%.Ga.1.2w, frekuensi sadap d5 dan d6 tidak layak secara ekonomi

Peningkatan Produksi dan Analisis Finansial pada Buka Sadap dengan Lilit Batang > 45 Cm untuk Menghadapi Harga Karet Rendah

Salah satu upaya untuk menghadapi kondisi harga jual karet yang rendah adalah dengan meningkatkan produktivitas untuk menekan harga pokok dan menghindari kerugian. Peningkatan produktivitas dalam jangka panjang dapat melalui pengoptimalan keragaan tanaman terutama lilit batang dengan menunda buka sadap. Perbedaan kriteria buka sadap di Indonesia dengan negara penghasil karet lain diduga turut menyebabkan perbedaan produktivitas yang terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan laju pertumbuhan lilit batang sebelum dan sesudah tanaman disadap, peningkatan produktivitas dan laba/rugi akibat adanya penundaan buka sadap. Penelitian dilakukan di areal tahun tanam 2010, Galardowo, Kebun Getas, PTPN IX Jawa Tengah dan mulai dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2015 (akhir TBM V) hingga 2017. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan faktor tunggal yaitu kelas lilit batang. Parameter yang diamati yaitu lilit batang dan tebal kulit awal, pertumbuhan lilit batang dan tebal kulit tiap bulan, volume lateks, kadar karet kering (K3), dan produksi karet kering per pohon, serta taksasi/proyeksi produksi untuk bulan berikutnya. Poduktivitas tersebut selanjutnya digunakan menghitung analisis finansial buka sadap pada tiap kelas lilit batang. Metode analisis finansial pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisis R/C ratio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa buka sadap yang dilakukan pada lilit batang lebih besar dari kriteria normal menunjukkan lebih besar laju pertumbuhan lilit batang dan tebal kulitnya serta lebih tinggi produksinya sehingga keuntungan atau nilai R/C ratio pada saat TM 1 juga semakin besar

Kombinasi Sistem Sadap Frekuensi Rendah dan Penggunaan Stimulan untuk Optimasi Produksi dan Penurunan Biaya Penyadapan di Panel Bo

Fluktuasi harga karet sering terjadi di bisnis karet. Kondisi tersebut menjadi masalah apabila harga karet rendah namun tidak diimbangi dengan kenaikan produksi dan penurunan biaya produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kombinasi sistem sadap terbaik yang menurunkan biaya penyadapan dan meningkatkan produksi. Upaya penurunan biaya produksi dilakukan melalui penerapan frekuensi sadap (d3, d4, d5 dan d6) dengan perbedaan konsentrasi stimulan (ET 2.5%, 3.0%, 4.0% dan 5.0%) disadap pada panel B0-2 secara SKB. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan RAKL dengan 10 pohon dan diulang 3 kali. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai Oktober 2015 hingga Oktober 2016 di Kebun Batujamus, Afdeling Kedung Sumber, PTPN IX.Klon yang digunakan PB 260, tahun tanam 2000 jarak tanam 6x3 m. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi pada penyadapan d3 stimulan 2.5% dan 4.0% memiliki produktivitas lebih tinggi, dibandingkan kontrol. Meskipun demikian hasil uji statistik menunjukkan tidak beda nyata. Kombinasi frekuensi sadap rendah dan perlakuan stimulan dapat diterapkan ketika harga karet rendah dan kesulitan tenaga sadap. Semakin rendah frekuensi sadap maka semakin rendah biaya penyadapan. Frekuensi sadap d6 merupakan sistem sadap yang paling rendah biayanya dan menurunkan biaya 58-59% dari kontrol (d2). Untuk aplikasi di lapangan, sebaiknya mempertimbangkan produktivitas yang diperoleh dari berbagai sistem sadap, karena produktivitas berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan dan keuntungan kebun. Seperti halnya frekuensi sadap d3, meskipun hanya mampu menurunkan biaya 25-28% dari d2, namun mampu menghasilkan produksi tertinggi dibandingkan dengan frekuensi sadap lainnya. Sedangkan frekuensi sadap d4 potensial diterapkan pada perkebunan karet dengan permasalahan kelangkaan tenaga sadap, karena memiliki produksi lebih tinggi dan biaya lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol

‘‘Lozenge’’ contour plots in scattering from polymer networks

We present a consistent explanation for the appearance of “lozenge” shapes in contour plots of the two dimensional scattering intensity from stretched polymer networks. By explicitly averaging over quenched variables in a tube model, we show that lozenge patterns arise as a result of chain material that is not directly deformed by the stretch. We obtain excellent agreement with experimental data

Analysis of tall fescue ESTs representing different abiotic stresses, tissue types and developmental stages

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Tall fescue (<it>Festuca arundinacea </it>Schreb) is a major cool season forage and turf grass species grown in the temperate regions of the world. In this paper we report the generation of a tall fescue expressed sequence tag (EST) database developed from nine cDNA libraries representing tissues from different plant organs, developmental stages, and abiotic stress factors. The results of inter-library and library-specific <it>in silico </it>expression analyses of these ESTs are also reported.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 41,516 ESTs were generated from nine cDNA libraries of tall fescue representing tissues from different plant organs, developmental stages, and abiotic stress conditions. The <it>Festuca </it>Gene Index (FaGI) has been established. To date, this represents the first publicly available tall fescue EST database. <it>In silico </it>gene expression studies using these ESTs were performed to understand stress responses in tall fescue. A large number of ESTs of known stress response gene were identified from stressed tissue libraries. These ESTs represent gene homologues of heat-shock and oxidative stress proteins, and various transcription factor protein families. Highly expressed ESTs representing genes of unknown functions were also identified in the stressed tissue libraries.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>FaGI provides a useful resource for genomics studies of tall fescue and other closely related forage and turf grass species. Comparative genomic analyses between tall fescue and other grass species, including ryegrasses (<it>Lolium </it>sp.), meadow fescue (<it>F. pratensis</it>) and tetraploid fescue (<it>F. arundinacea var glaucescens</it>) will benefit from this database. These ESTs are an excellent resource for the development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) PCR-based molecular markers.</p

Modelling of Multi-Agent Systems: Experiences with Membrane Computing and Future Challenges

Formal modelling of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a challenging task due to high complexity, interaction, parallelism and continuous change of roles and organisation between agents. In this paper we record our research experience on formal modelling of MAS. We review our research throughout the last decade, by describing the problems we have encountered and the decisions we have made towards resolving them and providing solutions. Much of this work involved membrane computing and classes of P Systems, such as Tissue and Population P Systems, targeted to the modelling of MAS whose dynamic structure is a prominent characteristic. More particularly, social insects (such as colonies of ants, bees, etc.), biology inspired swarms and systems with emergent behaviour are indicative examples for which we developed formal MAS models. Here, we aim to review our work and disseminate our findings to fellow researchers who might face similar challenges and, furthermore, to discuss important issues for advancing research on the application of membrane computing in MAS modelling.Comment: In Proceedings AMCA-POP 2010, arXiv:1008.314

Theoretical approaches in the development and evaluation of behaviour change interversions that improve clinicians' antimicrobial prescribing: a systematic review.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its threats have long been recognised. Many countries have developed antimicrobial stewardship programmes with strategies to optimise antimicrobial prescribing, minimise AMR and improve outcomes. There remains a need for behaviour change interventions at clinician level to promote appropriate prescribing. Theories should be used for developing and evaluating interventions to change human behaviour. Aim/Objectives: The aim of this review was to critically appraise, synthesise and present the available evidence for theoretical approaches in the development and evaluation of behaviour change interventions designed to improve clinicians' antimicrobial prescribing. Research Design and Methodology: The systematic review protocol was developed and registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018098586). MEDLINE, PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Joanna Briggs Institute Library and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language studies investigating theoretically based behaviour change interventions designed to improve clinicians’ antimicrobial prescribing in any healthcare setting. Additional studies were obtained from the bibliographies of retrieved papers. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity limited data synthesis. Results: The searches resulted in 4227 potentially relevant papers after duplicates removal. Screening of titles/abstracts led to retrieval and dual assessment of 38 full-text papers. Of those, a total of 14 studies (4 qualitative, 5 quantitative and 5 mixed-methods) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Most of studies included were from the UK (n = 8) and most were published in 2008 and in 2017 (n = 6); none was published before 2008. The majority of studies were carried out in primary care settings (n = 10) targeting upper respiratory tract infections (n = 7). Theoretical approaches used to inform the design and choice of intervention varied across included studies. The most common included: Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory and Operant Learning Theory. Conclusion/Discussion: This systematic review is the first to investigate theoretically based behaviour change interventions for antimicrobial prescribing. Only a small number of primary research studies involving theory in intervention development and evaluation were identified. There is a need for further research in this area. Restricting the review to papers published in English may have been a limitation

Do Electronic Health Records Help or Hinder Medical Education?

Many countries worldwide are digitizing patients' medical records. What impact will these electronic health records have upon medical education? This debate examines the threats and opportunities

Electronic health records in outpatient clinics: Perspectives of third year medical students

Abstract Background United States academic medical centers are increasingly incorporating electronic health records (EHR) into teaching settings. We report third year medical students' attitudes towards clinical learning using the electronic health record in ambulatory primary care clinics. Methods In academic year 2005&#8211;06, 60 third year students were invited to complete a questionnaire after finishing the required Ambulatory Medicine/Family Medicine clerkship. The authors elicited themes for the questionnaire by asking a focus group of third year students how using the EHR had impacted their learning. Five themes emerged: organization of information, access to online resources, prompts from the EHR, personal performance (charting and presenting), and communication with patients and preceptors. The authors added a sixth theme: impact on student and patient follow-up. The authors created a 21-item questionnaire, based on these themes that used a 5-point Likert scale from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree". The authors emailed an electronic survey link to each consenting student immediately following their clerkship experience in Ambulatory Medicine/Family Medicine. Results 33 of 53 consenting students (62%) returned completed questionnaires. Most students liked the EHR's ability to organize information, with 70% of students responding that essential information was easier to find electronically. Only 36% and 33% of students reported accessing online patient information or clinical guidelines more often when using the EHR than when using paper charts. Most students (72%) reported asking more history questions due to EHR prompts, and 39% ordered more clinical preventive services. Most students (69%) reported that the EHR improved their documentation. 39% of students responded that they received more feedback on their EHR notes compared to paper chart notes. Only 64% of students were satisfied with the doctor-patient communication with the EHR, and 48% stated they spent less time looking at the patient. Conclusion Third year medical students reported generally positive attitudes towards using the EHR in the ambulatory setting. They reported receiving more feedback on their electronic charts than on paper charts. However, students reported significant concerns about the potential impact of the EHR on their ability to conduct the doctor-patient encounter.Peer Reviewe