Condensation in a square minichannel: application of the VOF method

This paper was presented at the 3rd Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2011), which was held at the Makedonia Palace Hotel, Thessaloniki in Greece. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaly, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute.A number of steady-state simulations of condensation of R134a at mass fluxes G=100 kg m-2s-1 and G=800 kg m-2s-1 inside a square cross section minichannel (Dh=1mm) are here proposed and compared against similar simulations in a circular cross section channel with same diameter. The VOF (Volume Of Fluid) method is used to track the vapour-liquid interface and the effects of interfacial shear stress and surface tension are both taken into account. A uniform wall temperature is fixed as boundary condition. At G=100 kg m-2s-1 the liquid film is assumed laminar and the vapour flow is turbulent; turbulence is handled by a low-Reynolds number form of the standard k-w model (Wilcox, 1998), which was modified in order to suppress the turbulent viscosity inside the liquid phase. At G=800 kg m-2s-1 a low Re form of the SST k-w model (Menter, 1994) has been used for turbulence modeling through both the liquid and vapour phases. Numerical simulations are validated against experimental data. The present paper looks at the effect of surface tension. Its influence on the shape of the vapour-liquid interface provides some heat transfer enhancement in non-circular minichannels. In circular minichannels, the overall effect of surface tension is shown to be not significant. On the contrary, the effect of surface tension in square channels provides a large enhancement at low mass flux

A Survey of Dairy Cattle Behavior in Different Barns in Northern Italy

Due to its increasing pressure on dairy cows, studies that investigate how to cope with heat stress are needed. The heat stress affects multiple aspects of cows' lives, among which their behavior and welfare. In this study, a survey was carried out in eight farms located in Northern Italy to monitor and evaluate the environmental aspects of the barns and the behavioral responses of dairy cows. For one year, three periods were monitored: thermoneutral (T_S), hot (H_S) and cold (C_S) seasons. Temperature and relative humidity were measured by environmental sensors, and lying vs. standing time, number of lying bouts and their average duration were collected by accelerometers. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was quantified inside and outside of the barn. Results show that at the increase of the THI, behavioral adaptations occurred in all the farms, especially with a reduction of lying time and an increase of respiration rate. Four of the eight farms need interventions for improving the cows' welfare. Here, environmental problems should be solved by introducing or improving the efficacy of the forced ventilation or by modifying the barn structure. Monitoring dairy barns with sensors and Precision Livestock Farming techniques can be helpful for future livestock farming to alert farmers on the need for their interventions to respond immediately to unwanted barn living conditions

Interferon- α 2b reduces phosphorylation and activity of MEK and ERK through a Ras / Raf -independent mechanism

Interferon (IFN)-α affects the growth, differentiation and function of various cell types by transducing regulatory signals through the Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducers of activation and transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway. The signalling pathways employing the mitogen-activated ERK-activating kinase (MEK) and the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) are critical in growth factors signalling. Engagement of the receptors, and subsequent stimulation of Ras and Raf, initiates a phosphorylative cascade leading to activation of several proteins among which MEK and ERK play a central role in routing signals critical in controlling cell development, activation and proliferation. We demonstrate here that 24–48 h following treatment of transformed T- and monocytoid cell lines with recombinant human IFN-α2b both the phosphorylation and activity of MEK1 and its substrates ERK1/2 were reduced. In contrast, the activities of the upstream molecules Ras and Raf -1 were not affected. No effect on MEK/ERK activity was observed upon short-term exposure (1–30 min) to IFN. The anti-proliferative effect of IFN-α was increased by the addition in the culture medium of a specific inhibitor of MEK, namely PD98059. In conclusion, our results indicate that IFN-α regulates the activity of the MEK/ERK pathway and consequently modulates cellular proliferation through a Ras / Raf -independent mechanism. Targeting the MEK/ERK pathway may strengthen the IFN-mediated anti-cancer effect. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaig

Excitons and charged excitons in semiconductor quantum wells

A variational calculation of the ground-state energy of neutral excitons and of positively and negatively charged excitons (trions) confined in a single-quantum well is presented. We study the dependence of the correlation energy and of the binding energy on the well width and on the hole mass. The conditional probability distribution for positively and negatively charged excitons is obtained, providing information on the correlation and the charge distribution in the system. A comparison is made with available experimental data on trion binding energies in GaAs-, ZnSe-, and CdTe-based quantum well structures, which indicates that trions become localized with decreasing quantum well width.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure

MAPPER: a search engine for the computational identification of putative transcription factor binding sites in multiple genomes

BACKGROUND: Cis-regulatory modules are combinations of regulatory elements occurring in close proximity to each other that control the spatial and temporal expression of genes. The ability to identify them in a genome-wide manner depends on the availability of accurate models and of search methods able to detect putative regulatory elements with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: We describe the implementation of a search method for putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) based on hidden Markov models built from alignments of known sites. We built 1,079 models of TFBSs using experimentally determined sequence alignments of sites provided by the TRANSFAC and JASPAR databases and used them to scan sequences of the human, mouse, fly, worm and yeast genomes. In several cases tested the method identified correctly experimentally characterized sites, with better specificity and sensitivity than other similar computational methods. Moreover, a large-scale comparison using synthetic data showed that in the majority of cases our method performed significantly better than a nucleotide weight matrix-based method. CONCLUSION: The search engine, available at , allows the identification, visualization and selection of putative TFBSs occurring in the promoter or other regions of a gene from the human, mouse, fly, worm and yeast genomes. In addition it allows the user to upload a sequence to query and to build a model by supplying a multiple sequence alignment of binding sites for a transcription factor of interest. Due to its extensive database of models, powerful search engine and flexible interface, MAPPER represents an effective resource for the large-scale computational analysis of transcriptional regulation

Dependence of effective properties upon regular perturbations

In this survey, we present some results on the behavior of effective properties in presence of perturbations of the geometric and physical parameters. We first consider the case of a Newtonian fluid flowing at low Reynolds numbers around a periodic array of cylinders. We show the results of [43], where it is proven that the average longitudinal flow depends real analytically upon perturbations of the periodicity structure and the cross section of the cylinders. Next, we turn to the effective conductivity of a periodic two-phase composite with ideal contact at the interface. The composite is obtained by introducing a periodic set of inclusions into an infinite homogeneous matrix made of a different material. We show a result of [41] on the real analytic dependence of the effective conductivity upon perturbations of the shape of the inclusions, the periodicity structure, and the conductivity of each material. In the last part of the chapter, we extend the result of [41] to the case of a periodic two-phase composite with imperfect contact at the interface

Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran dan Tingkat Upah Minimum Provinsi terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Provinsi Riau

Poverty is a complex and complicated issues that require analysis in order to obtain a solution to overcome poverty or at least reduce poverty. This study aimed to examine the effect of the unemployment rate and the level of the minimum wage on poverty levels in Riau province. This research uses secondary data. Analysis of the data in this study using a multiple linear regression method. Hypothesis testing using partial test (t test), simultaneous (F test), Test Correlation Coefficient (R) and test the coefficient of determination (R2). The data used in this study are data on the number of poor people, the number of unemployed and the level of the minimum wage in the province of Riau Province in 2002-2011. The results of the testing that has been done, the entire regression test showed that all independent variables have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Individual regression test showed that the number of open unemployment has no significant effect on the number of poor people in Riau province, but the provincial minimum wage have a significant effect on the number of poor people of Riau Province. The magnitude of the effect caused by the two independent variables together on the dependent variable of 92.1%, while the remaining 8.8% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.Keywords: Poverty, Unemployment, Province Minimum Wage

Caracterización de los sistemas de producción de leche en la cuenca noreste de la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina

91-97La cuenca lechera noreste es una de las principales regiones de mayor producción e industrialización de leche en la provincia de Córdoba. Sin embargo, no se dispone de una correcta caracterización de los sistemas de producción. Para ello se analizaron las diferencias en la composición de las dietas, la superficie de los establecimientos, la distancia al pavimento, el nivel de equipamiento, las mejoras de capital y la composición del rodeo en tambos con distinto nivel de producción. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características de los tambos en la cuenca noreste de Córdoba a través de la estructura de producción, la base forrajera y la composición del rodeo. Se trabajó con una base de datos de 2070 tambos de los 3253 existentes en la provincia. Se establecieron dos categorías M1 y M2 que representan tambos de menor y mayor escala. A su vez, se subdividieron en alta y baja producción, resultando en cuatro modelos productivos. Esta cuenca se asienta en establecimientos con sistemas productivos con una alta heterogeneidad entre ellos que confiere una gran variabilidad en la zona. El modelo de tambos pequeños y de menor producción presenta una base forrajera compuesta principalmente por forraje alfalfa. El modelo de tambos pequeños y de alta producción presenta una estructura productiva con mayores mejoras y un alto porcentaje de alfalfa y silo. El modelo de tambos grandes y de baja producción se caracteriza por utilizar una dieta con baja participación de forraje silo y concentrados