Determining the Reaction Rate of Electrochemical Process for Purification of Polluted Water

Abstract Aims: Turbidity in higher than standard levels, indicates failure in the water treatment plant. An electrochemical disinfection process takes place through electricity transition between two or more electrodes. This research aimed to determine the reaction rate of electrochemical process for purification of polluted water. Materials & Methods: This is a bench scale, experimental study performed in a batch system on synthetic wastewater. 1700ml of prepared synthetic wastewater was put in an electrolytic cell and constant 600mA current was flowed into the cell content through merged aluminum electrodes for 1 hour. Samples were taken from the batch in the beginning and every 10 minutes and were analyzed for, turbidity, Coliform bacteria (probably, confirmed and E. coli) and Heterotrophic Plat Count. Fisher exact test was used to analyze data. Findings: All the parameters of turbidity, HPC, total coliform, confirmed coliform and E. coli were decreased during the time. The electrochemical process reduced the average of turbidity below 3NTU after 50 minutes (91.05 removal). The HPC number reduced from 130n/ml to 2.4n/ml (98.15 removal) after 50 minutes. No coliforms were seen after 40 minutes of the electrochemical process. Conclusion: 40 minutes of electrochemical process in 600mA by aluminum electrodes is the optimum condition for removing the turbidity, Coliform bacteria (total, confirmed and E. coli) and HPC from polluted water

Konsep Perancangan Menara Surabaya sebagai Landmark dalam Fenomena Iconisation

Keunikan dan keistimewaan adalah hal yang penting yang harus dimiliki untuk mendapatkan perhatian. Citra yang dihasilkan dari keunikan inilah yang akan membentuk suatu keistimewaan yang akan menjadi pembeda akan suatu hal lainnya. Arsitektur merupakan cara dalam pembentukan citra pada lingkup kota, salah satunya adalah dengan menghadirkan Titik Orientasi Visual (Landmark). Ikonisasi Menara Surabaya hendaknya memiliki tolak ukur untuk menentukan keberhasilan dari kehadirannya. Dengan dirumuskan terlebih dahulu mengenai kriteria yang tepat, maka dihasilkan konsep perancangan Menara Surabay

Inkjet-printed vertically emitting solid-state organic lasers

In this paper, we show that Inkjet Printing can be successfully applied to external-cavity vertically-emitting thin-film organic lasers, and can be used to generate a diffraction-limited output beam with an output energy as high as 33.6 uJ with a slope efficiency S of 34%. Laser emission shows to be continuously tunable from 570 to 670 nm using an intracavity polymer-based Fabry-Perot etalon. High-optical quality films with several um thicknesses are realized thanks to ink-jet printing. We introduce a new optical material where EMD6415 commercial ink constitutes the optical host matrix and exhibits a refractive index of 1.5 and an absorption coefficient of 0.66 cm-1 at 550-680 nm. Standard laser dyes like Pyromethene 597 and Rhodamine 640 are incorporated in solution to the EMD6415 ink. Such large size " printed pixels " of 50 mm 2 present uniform and flat surfaces, with roughness measured as low as 1.5 nm in different locations of a 50um x 50um AFM scan. Finally, as the gain capsules fabricated by Inkjet printing are simple and do not incorporate any tuning or cavity element, they are simple to make, have a negligible fabrication cost and can be used as fully disposable items. This works opens the way towards the fabrication of really low-cost tunable visible lasers with an affordable technology that has the potential to be widely disseminated

On the characteristics of natural hydraulic dampers: An image-based approach to study the fluid flow behaviour inside the human meniscal tissue

The meniscal tissue is a layered material with varying properties influenced by collagen content and arrangement. Understanding the relationship between structure and properties is crucial for disease management, treatment development, and biomaterial design. The internal layer of the meniscus is softer and more deformable than the outer layers, thanks to interconnected collagen channels that guide fluid flow. To investigate these relationships, we propose a novel approach that combines Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Image Analysis (CFD-IA). We analyze fluid flow in the internal architecture of the human meniscus across a range of inlet velocities (0.1mm/s to 1.6m/s) using high-resolution 3D micro-computed tomography scans. Statistical correlations are observed between architectural parameters (tortuosity, connectivity, porosity, pore size) and fluid flow parameters (Re number distribution, permeability). Some channels exhibit Re values of 1400 at an inlet velocity of 1.6m/s, and a transition from Darcy's regime to a non-Darcian regime occurs around an inlet velocity of 0.02m/s. Location-dependent permeability ranges from 20-32 Darcy. Regression modelling reveals a strong correlation between fluid velocity and tortuosity at high inlet velocities, as well as with channel diameter at low inlet velocities. At higher inlet velocities, flow paths deviate more from the preferential direction, resulting in a decrease in the concentration parameter by an average of 0.4. This research provides valuable insights into the fluid flow behaviour within the meniscus and its structural influences.Comment: 20 Pages, 5 Figure

Centering Work: Integration and Diffusion of Workforce Development within the U.S. Manufacturing Extension Network

As the U.S. economy rebounds from the COVID-19 pandemic, strategies that promote long-term transformation toward high-quality jobs will be critical. This includes workplace-improving interventions that enable employers to upgrade existing jobs, often while enhancing their own competitive position. This paper focuses on the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, a national network of federally funded centers that support small and medium-sized manufacturing firms. We document the range of workforce- and workplace-enhancing strategies that MEP centers have adopted since the network’s inception in the mid-1990s. While workforce development is unevenly implemented across today’s MEP network, leading centers within the network are devising transformative strategies that shape underlying business practices in ways that can improve the quality of front-line manufacturing jobs. The pandemic recovery, along with federal commitment to reenergize domestic supply chains, presents an opportunity to establish NIST-MEP as a national workforce-development leader while also strengthening localized institutional partnerships to center that effort on inclusive economic development and recovery

Flatness-based control of open-channel flow in an irrigation canal using SCADA

Open channels are used to distribute water to large irrigated areas. In these systems, ensuring timely water delivery is essential to reduce operational water losses. This article derives a method for open-loop control of open channel flow, based on the Hayami model, a parabolic partial differential equation resulting from a simplification of the Saint-Venant equations. The open-loop control is represented as infinite series using differential flatness. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach by applying the open-loop controller to a real irrigation canal located in South of France