Non-Fatal Strangulation and Suffocation

Reflects on the offence of strangulation or suffocation created by the Domestic Abuse Bill 2019-21. Reviews the justifications for the offence, its context, the relevance of similar offences introduced in Australia and New Zealand and its key provisions. Considers whether strangulation should have been defined, the role of consent, the offence's interaction with existing criminal law and the measures needed to improve its effectiveness

The Full Picture or Too Much Information? Evidential Use of Body-Worn Camera Recordings

Discusses the growing use of body-worn video (BWV) cameras by police, and the evidential issues they raise. Reviews the role of BWVs to record events, whether they should be used to record formal witness statements, including initial statements at the scene of a crime, and whether contextual evidence such as demeanour is beneficial. Considers the significance of emotion in BWV evidence, and whether jury directions could address fairness concerns

Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for treatment of cutaneous Crohn's Disease

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Reflections on Jogee: overwhelming supervening act

The Supreme Court’s judgment in Jogee and Ruddock v The Queen1 substantially altered the criminal law’s approach to secondary liability. However, the judgment left numer- ous important issues unresolved. In particular, the circum- stances in which a secondary party is excused liability on the basis of an overwhelming supervening act (“OSA”) of the principal remains unclear. The Court of Appeal recently discussed OSA in Lanning and Camille,2 but it too left im- portant questions unanswered. In this article we examine this concept, which is being encountered with increasing frequency in practice

Time to Dispense with the Mute of Malice Procedure

Assesses whether measures for establishing whether a defendant is "mute of malice" are anachronistic and obsolete, and should be repealed. Reviews the historical role of the mute of malice procedure, its significance, how it differs from unfitness to plead and how developments such as practice directions and procedural rule changes have rendered it unnecessary. Suggests how reforms involving repeal might be implemented

The "witness anonymity" and "investigation anonymity" provisions

This article offers an analysis of the creation of statutory powers to allow witnesses to give evidence anonymously. The latest provisions are those in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 replacing the emergency temporary legislation: Criminal Evidence (Witness Anonymity) Act 2008. Consideration is given to that Act, its legislative history and case law. Examination of the new powers for investigation anonymity orders suggests that these are likely to be of symbolic rather than practical significance

An observational prospective study of topical acidified nitrite for killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in contaminated wounds

Background Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) kills bacteria and other organisms as part of the innate immune response. When nitrite is exposed to low pH, NO is generated and has been used as an NO delivery system to treat skin infections. We demonstrated eradication of MRSA carriage from wounds using a topical formulation of citric acid (4.5%) and sodium nitrite (3%) creams co-applied for 5 days to 15 wounds in an observational prospective pilot study of 8 patients. Findings Following treatment with topical citric acid and sodium nitrite, 9 of 15 wounds (60%) and 3 of 8 patients (37%) were cleared of infection. MRSA isolates from these patients were all sensitive to acidified nitrite in vitro compared to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and a reference strain of MRSA. Conclusions Nitric oxide and acidified nitrite offer a novel therapy for control of MRSA in wounds. Wounds that were not cleared of infection may have been re-contaminated or the bioavailability of acidified nitrite impaired by local factors in the tissue

The effects of riparian forestry on invertebrate drift and brown trout in upland streams of contrasting acidity

International audienceVariations in macroinvertebrate drift and benthic invertebrate abundance were assessed in 30 upland Welsh streams of varying acidity (pH 6.0) and riparian land-use (conifer, moorland or native broadleaf). The consequences for the diet and condition of wild brown trout Salmo trutta were also assessed. As expected from previous studies, there were significant reductions in benthic invertebrate abundance, aquatic drift density (by >60%), aquatic drift biomass (by >35%), total drift density (by >35%) and total drift biomass (by >20%) at acid sites by comparison with circumneutral sites due largely to the scarcity of mayflies. Absolute drift from terrestrial sources was unrelated to stream pH but formed a significantly greater proportion of total drift at acid sites (30-65% of density) than at circumneutral sites (20-40%) as aquatic contributions declined. Most of this apparent land use effect reflected significantly increased terrestrial drift under broadleaves. There was no significant reduction in terrestrial or aquatic drift at conifer forest sites per se after accounting for low pH. Trout diet varied substantially between locations partly reflecting variations in drift: significantly fewer mayflies and stoneflies were eaten at acid sites, and significantly more terrestrial prey were eaten under broadleaves. However, acidity did not reduce trout condition or gut-fullness. Unexpectedly, trout condition was significantly enhanced at conifer sites, irrespective of their pH. Hence, acidity has greater effects on the benthic abundance and drift density of invertebrates in upland streams than does riparian land use. However, trout forage flexibly enough to offset any possible food deficit, for example by switching to chironomids and terrestrial invertebrates. Enhanced terrestrial contributions to invertebrate drift from riparian broadleaf trees may be important in supplementing foraging opportunities for trout where aquatic prey are scarce. These data illustrate the value of native tree species in riparian locations in upland Britain and the energy subsidy they provide might well be disproportionately important for otherwise impoverished acid streams Keywords: brown trout, land-use, acidification, drift, forestry, stream

Differential effects of phototherapy, adalimumab and betamethasone/calcipotriol on effector and regulatory T cells in psoriasis

I.S.K. thanks the Egyptian Government for financial support through the Egyptian Cultural Bureau Office. This work was partially supported by a National Health Service endowment grant RG12745 to A.D.O. and I.S.K. We thank Linda Lawson,the biologics nurse, all the staff members at the dermatology department and the participants.Peer reviewedPostprin

Mediating punitiveness: understanding public attitudes towards work-related fatality cases

This paper concerns an empirical investigation into public attitudes towards work-related fatality cases, where organizational offenders cause the death of workers or members of the public. This issue is particularly relevant following the introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 into UK law. Here, as elsewhere, the use of criminal law against companies reflects governmental concerns over public confidence in the law’s ability to regulate risk. The empirical findings demonstrate that high levels of public concern over these cases do not translate into punitive attitudes. Such cases are viewed rationally and constructively, and lead to instrumental rather than purely expressive enforcement preferences