528 research outputs found
Stellar Dynamics at the Galactic Center with an Extremely Large Telescope
We discuss experiments achievable via monitoring of stellar dynamics near the
massive black hole at the Galactic center with a next generation, extremely
large telescope (ELT). Given the likely observational capabilities of an ELT
and current knowledge of the stellar environment at the Galactic center, we
synthesize plausible samples of stellar orbits around the black hole. We use
the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to evaluate the constraints that orbital
monitoring places on the matter content near the black hole. Results are
expressed as functions of the number N of stars with detectable orbital motions
and the astrometric precision dtheta and spectroscopic precision dv at which
stellar proper motions and radial velocities are monitored. For N = 100, dtheta
= 0.5 mas, and dv = 10 km/s -- a conservative estimate of the capabilities of a
30 meter telescope -- the extended matter distribution enclosed by the orbits
will produce measurable deviations from Keplerian motion if >1000 Msun is
enclosed within 0.01 pc. The black hole mass and distance to the Galactic
center will be measured to better than ~0.1%. Lowest-order relativistic
effects, such as the prograde precession, will be detectable if dtheta < 0.5
mas. Higher-order effects, including frame dragging due to black hole spin,
requires dtheta < 0.05 mas, or the favorable discovery of a compact, highly
eccentric orbit. Finally, we calculate the rate at which monitored stars
undergo detectable nearby encounters with background stars. Such encounters
probe the mass function of stellar remnants that accumulate near the black
hole. We find that ~30 encounters will be detected over a 10 yr baseline for
dtheta = 0.5 mas.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures; discussion no longer aperture-specific (TMT ->
ELT), matches ApJ versio
Golden ratio and philosophy of nature
ΠΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ
ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ Π Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π°, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ
Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° (Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ°
ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ βΠΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈβ). Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΠΌΠ° Π·Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠ° Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°. Π Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π£ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ,
ΡΠ°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° β ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ
Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅/Π°Π½Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΊΡΠΏ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π°
Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Π°
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ³Π»Π°, ΠΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ³Π»Π°, ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΈ ΡΠ°
Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π° (ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°).
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅
ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°
(ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°) ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°. Π Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅,
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° Π½Π°
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅, Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Ρ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡ
Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π°, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ° Ρ
Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ (ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈ) Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°. Π¦ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°
ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π·Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ.This dissertation represents a contribution to the history and philosophy of the
golden ratio observed through the evolution of visual arts covering the period from
Upper Palaeolithic to Early Holocene, including the usage of geometrical-constructible
methods within Early Holocene epochs and the philosophy of nature that was conceived
during the Classical epoch ending with the Hellenistic period, i.e. after Euclid's
βElementsβ. Such wide scope of the research was determined by the need to define
different phases and processes of geometrical thought evolution that preceded the
mathematical definition and history of the golden ratio. In this view, this work
represents a theoretical synthesis of research results where the analogy between
geometrical values of natural and artificial structurations has been drawn. The
mentioned analogy points out various experiences in subconscious and intuitive
transposition of geometric-proportional values of the golden ratio, which in the course
of time led to their conscious application and understanding of their naturalphilosophical
bases. The work comprises the research results of several hundreds of
archaeological artefacts and written sources that indicate the continuity of various
aspects, first of practical use and then of theoretical implementation of geometrical
bases/foundations of this important ratio. Basically, the work rests on presentation and
analytical implementation of the original geometrical methods β primary construction
by golden ratio and scalar/angular division by golden ratio, whose elements have been
used to generate a set of identical values that can be found as geometric dominants both
in different aspects of natural structurations and in artificial contents and theoretical
foundations of the ancient philosophy of nature. Therefore the research results indicate
that the dominant geometrical patterns are reduced to the genesis of the identical values
(proportion, angles and shapes) that coincide with the geometrical bases of the water
molecule structure, i.e. geometrical characteristics of light propagation, like primary
and secondary rainbow angles, Brewsterβs angle, tertiary light refraction angles, and
then, in certain cases, also with astrometric characteristics concerning to the position
and apparent motions of celestial bodies, especially those related to geometry used for
calculating equinoxes and solstices. A special place thus belongs to geometrical
characteristics of Pythagorean musical scale and Plato's cosmological constant whose
reduction to a unique geometric-constructible pattern points out a special
epistemological and ontological place that was given to proportional values of the
golden ratio in defining the processes in nature and visualisation of cosmological
principles and phenomena (cosmography) in the Ancient Greek epoch. The dissertation
is illustrated by comparative graphic studies and appendices whose contents show the
levels of unconscious, intuitive and rational usage of geometric-proportional values of
this important ratio.
The graphic studies are presented so as to directly and clearly show the high level of the
established analogy between geometrical values that make the contents of different
artificial objects on one hand, and the elements which the geometry of natural structure
is reduced to, on the other. Special attention and the research results' analysis have been
directed towards understanding the position of geometricΠ°Π» bases of the golden ratio in
the evolution of intelligence and creativity in different phases Palaeolithic art, and later
the rational approaches in generating (synthesis) of geometric-constructible values
achieved during the Holocene epochs. The purpose of this paper is to show that the
elements of geometrical analogy make an important analytical basis that can be used to
establish directly the relations and contents that influenced the development of
conscience and abstract thought that in the course of time broadened the range of
experiences related to the mathematisation and natural philosophical defining of
geometric regularities of the golden ratio. Thereby, this dissertation contributes to
extend contemporary historical contexts and aspects on evolutional and historical facts
related to the development of the idea of golden rati
Influence of meteorological parameters on the operation of a grid - connected PV solar plant
Elementary description and information on a grid-connected photovoltaic solar power plant (PV plant) of 2 kWp installed in NiΕ‘ and the influence of meteorological parameters on its operation are given in this paper. Besides, experimental results of the calculation of the energy efficiency, electrical energy generated and output power of this PV plant operating in the real climate conditions in 2017 are presented. The results regarding climate parameters and characteristic performance parameter of 2 kWp PV plant in NiΕ‘ in 2017 are discussed and it was found that in 2017 annual energy efficiency of this PV plant was 10.63% and it decreased with the ambient temperature increasing
Supplementary data for the article: JanjiΔ, G. V.; MilosavljeviΔ, M. D.; VeljkoviΔ, D. Ε½.; ZariΔ, S. D. Prediction of Strong O-H/M Hydrogen Bonding between Water and Square-Planar Ir and Rh Complexes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2017, 19 (13), 8657β8660. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e
Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2444]Related to accepted version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3230
Supplementary data for the article: JanjiΔ, G. V.; MilosavljeviΔ, M. D.; VeljkoviΔ, D. Ε½.; ZariΔ, S. D. Prediction of Strong O-H/M Hydrogen Bonding between Water and Square-Planar Ir and Rh Complexes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2017, 19 (13), 8657β8660. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e
Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2444]Related to accepted version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3230
Comparison and assessment of electricity generation capacity for different types of photovoltaic solar plants of 1MW in Sokobanja, Serbia
This paper gives the results of the electricity generated by the fixed, one-axis and dual-axis tracking photovoltaic solar plant of 1 MW with flat panels made of monocrystalline silicon which is to be built in the area of Sokobanja (spa in Serbia). Further on follows a description of the functioning of the fixed and one-axis and dual-axis tracking solar plants. For the calculation of the electricity generated by these plants PVGIS program was used. Calculations have shown that fixed photovoltaic solar plant power of 1 MW, solar modules of mono-crystalline silicon yield 1130000 kWh power output, one-axis tracking solar plant yields 1420000 kWh, and dual-axis tracking solar plant yields 1450000 kWh of electricity. Electricity generated by the fixed photovoltaic solar plant could satisfy 86% of the annual needs for the electricity of the 'Zdravljak' hotel and the special 'Novi stacionar' hospital in Sokobanja
The European Union in the politicization process
ΠΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ° 1980-
ΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. Π‘ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ°
ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠ° Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ°
Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠ°. Π£Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°,
ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. Π Π°Π΄
Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ β ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π¨Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ β ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π³Π° Π·Π°
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ£ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅,
ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ£.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ£ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°
ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ£. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅.Since the end of the 1980s, the intensifying of the politicization process has been one of
the important characteristics of the EU integration process. The politicization in the EU is
understood as the way of contesting and decision-making on public issues, the way that is opposite
to the elitist and technocratic mode of decision-making, typical for the first decades of EU
integration. Thus, the politicization, and also the politicization in the EU, is grasped as
complementary to the public character of modern politics, especially with democracy.
The European union is conceptualized as an extremely compound and non-centralized political
system of a non-state type with the elements of consensus democracy and with a deeply segmented
society as its basis, divided by national and many transnational lines. Within that society, as well
as within its political institutions, the politicization process has been developing which has been
influencing the functioning of the system considerably. We explore the experiences of
politicization in other compound, consensus democracies in Europe β Belgium and Switzerland β
and by comparing the specific cases of politicization, we are searching for the possible specific
characteristics of politicization in the EU that stem from its described nature. Also, we are
analyzing the possible impact of such politicization on the future of integration and politics in the
EU.
Although not always contributing to deepening of integration, the politicization in the EU, under
specific circumstances, could have a democratizing effect. It serves as the opportunity for
stimulating the debates on important issues and articulating the will of the citizens while the
adequate forms of participation in the political process are still missing in the EU. In addition, we
discuss the potential impact of the politicization of European issues on the gradual creation of the
European public sphere or the Europeanisation of the national public spheres, as well as on the
Europeanisation of society and emergence of the European political identity among the EU
citizens
Carbon monoxide poisoning in a family showing different ECG disturbances
Prikazano je trovanje ugljen monoksidom u troΔlanoj porodici, nakon nepotpunog sagorevanja butan gasa u peΔi za etaΕΎno grejanje, sa razliΔitim stepenima smetnji u provoΔenju i ishemijskim promenama u EKG-u. Otrovani su bili otac, majka i sin. Otac je imao poveΔanu aktivnost amilaze u urinu (507 i.j./L), koncentraciju COHb 4,8%, a u EKG-u je registrovan kratkotrajni blok leve grane Hisovog snopa i negativan T-talas u III odvodu koji se odrΕΎavao oko dve nedelje. Majka je uz koncentraciju COHb od 6% imala produΕΎen PQ-interval, dok je sin imao 8,5% COHb u krvi i prolazan inkompletni blok desne grane Hisovog snopa. Nakon terapije Δistim kiseonikom pod pritiskom, simptomi trovanja su nestali, koncentracija COHb je pala ispod 1 %, a u EKG-u je registrovano poboljΕ‘anje. Bolesnici su u terapiji primali i infuzije piracetama.The paper presents the poisoning of a family of three by carbon monoxide, caused by incomplete combustion of butane gas in a central heating system, with various disturbances in conduction and ishaemic changes in the ECG. The father, mother and son were poisoned. The father had increased amylase activity in urine (507 i.u./L) and, a COHb concentration of 4.8%. An ECG registered a temporary block of the left branch of the His bundle and a negative T wave in the III lead, which continued for about two weeks. The mother had a COHb concentration of 6% and an extended PQ interval, whereas the son had 8.5% of COHb in the blood and a transient incomplete block of the right branch of the His bundle. After treatment with pressurised pure oxygen, the symptoms of poisoning disappeared, COHb concentration fell to below 1 % and the ECG registered an improvement. During treatment the patients also received an infusion of piracetam
Sustainable forms of multiculturalism in Serbia
Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π‘Π°Π²Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ° je Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. Π‘Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° 2000. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ· ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅.
Π£ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π° Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΈ / ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. βΠΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈβ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ°.
Π£ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠΈΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ· ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ°. Π£ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ/Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ/Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ· ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°) ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π£ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. Π’Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠ‘ΠΠ, Π‘ΠΠ, Π‘ΠΠ Π‘Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ
Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
ΠΠ΅ Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ°, Π ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°). ΠΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ βΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅β ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΠ»Π°Ρ
Π°, Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°). Π’ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.This dissertation examines the role of political leaders of national minorities in various stages of multicultural policy development. The Union of Communists in the former Yugoslavia promoted and implemented an integrative model of multiculturalism, which was supposed to represent a sustainable political solution for the management of ethno-cultural differences. With the collapse of communism, integrative multiculturalism became an unsustainable model, which had a negative impact on inter-ethnic relations. The process of ethnicization of politics during the nineties of the 20th century in the territory of the former Yugoslavia showed that multiculturalism, i.e. policies of multiculturalism, do not have the capacity to ensure the integration of ethnic or national groups. Multiculturalism, i.e. mechanisms of ethnocultural justice, were used for the purpose of secession of the federal units that were part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the democratic changes in 2000, a new approach to minority policy and the institutionalization of diversity was announced with respect for international standards in the field of minority protection, however due to the selective application of constitutional measures and the unwillingness of political elites to find acceptable political solutions for the majority and the minority, multiculturalism was developed in a segregated form as a sustainable and acceptable solution for both parties.
The paper presents a political interpretation of multiculturalism that refers to the demands of minorities - special administrative and/or political rights within the national state. The starting point in the research is that political leaders contribute to the maintenance of segregative multiculturalism in Serbia, who carry out the strategic essentialization of cultures and politicize the ethnic identities of minority groups. The dominance of the primordialist approach to ethnicity among minority groups in Serbia facilitates the politicization of their ethnic identities. "Ethnic entrepreneurs" incite feelings of inequality, injustice and fear among the minority groups they represent in order to establish political control over them. The cultural distinctiveness of groups is an important resource that ensures the electoral success of national minority parties and the inclusion of political representatives of national minorities in the decision-making process. In the analysis of the theoretical explanation of multiculturalism, more precisely in the liberal theory of minority rights by Will Kimlika, we come across an attempt to reconcile ethnic and liberal approaches to the nation, where the recognition of rights for minority groups is possible while respecting cultural and ethnic criteria. In the process of ethnomobilization, different approaches to ethnicity/nation are combined. The primordialist approach to the nation/ethnicity has primacy among the majority population and minority groups in Serbia.
This analysis led to the conclusion that the political leaders of national minorities contribute to the segregation of minority groups and the sustainability of segregative
multiculturalism in Serbia by politicizing primordial elements of ethnicity. In addition, political leaders of minority groups oppose various mechanisms of integration (such as bilingual education) labeling them as instruments of assimilation.
In relation to the period of the nineties of the 20th century, there are no deviations in the choice of political action strategies among the parties of national minorities in Serbia. Territorial autonomies based on the mono-ethnic principle, which were conceived in the programs of the parties of national minorities (DZVM, DSVM, SVM, SDA SandΕΎaka, PDD, DPA) in the early 1990s, form the content of the current programs of parties where identity issues dominate.
Not all minority groups demand political and cultural integration. Cultural integration is sufficient for certain national minorities (such as Slovaks, Ruthenians). Nevertheless, there are national minorities who need political integration in order to protect their "social cultures" and avoid the pressures of assimilation (such as Bunjevacs, Vlachs, Roma). This implies that political integration is a necessary condition for cultural integration, that is, the survival of minority groups. The institutional framework enables the political integration of national minorities at the national and regional level, while at the local level, segregative relations between minority groups, as well as between the majority and minority populations, can be overcome through political and social integration
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