528 research outputs found

    Stellar Dynamics at the Galactic Center with an Extremely Large Telescope

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    We discuss experiments achievable via monitoring of stellar dynamics near the massive black hole at the Galactic center with a next generation, extremely large telescope (ELT). Given the likely observational capabilities of an ELT and current knowledge of the stellar environment at the Galactic center, we synthesize plausible samples of stellar orbits around the black hole. We use the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to evaluate the constraints that orbital monitoring places on the matter content near the black hole. Results are expressed as functions of the number N of stars with detectable orbital motions and the astrometric precision dtheta and spectroscopic precision dv at which stellar proper motions and radial velocities are monitored. For N = 100, dtheta = 0.5 mas, and dv = 10 km/s -- a conservative estimate of the capabilities of a 30 meter telescope -- the extended matter distribution enclosed by the orbits will produce measurable deviations from Keplerian motion if >1000 Msun is enclosed within 0.01 pc. The black hole mass and distance to the Galactic center will be measured to better than ~0.1%. Lowest-order relativistic effects, such as the prograde precession, will be detectable if dtheta < 0.5 mas. Higher-order effects, including frame dragging due to black hole spin, requires dtheta < 0.05 mas, or the favorable discovery of a compact, highly eccentric orbit. Finally, we calculate the rate at which monitored stars undergo detectable nearby encounters with background stars. Such encounters probe the mass function of stellar remnants that accumulate near the black hole. We find that ~30 encounters will be detected over a 10 yr baseline for dtheta = 0.5 mas.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures; discussion no longer aperture-specific (TMT -> ELT), matches ApJ versio

    Golden ratio and philosophy of nature

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    Овај Ρ€Π°Π΄ прСдставља ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡƒΡ‡Π°Π²Π°ΡšΡƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка саглСданС ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ· Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°Π»Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° којС јС ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ™Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π³ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π°, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρƒ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎ-конструктабилних ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°Π»Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²Ρƒ ΠΈΠ· ранохолцСнских Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π° ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° (Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π°Π²Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π•ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π±ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠ΅ β€žΠ•Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈβ€œ). Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ јС условљСн ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°ΠΌΠ° Π·Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°Π·Π° ΠΈ процСса Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ° који су ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ основама Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка. Π£ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π΄ прСдставља Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΡƒ синтСзу Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… јС установљСна аналогија Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… врСдности Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. ΠŸΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡƒΡ‚Π° аналогија јС ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π° искустава проистСкла ΠΈΠ· нСсвСсног ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎ-сразмСрских врСдности Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка, која су Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡ‚Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ° ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π΅ свСснС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡšΠ° ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-филозофских основа. Π Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΌ су ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ›Π΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° вишС стотина Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ… Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ„Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ писаних ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€Π° који су ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… основа ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½Π΅ сразмСрС. Π£ основи, Ρ€Π°Π΄ јС Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΡƒ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° – ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ€Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка ΠΈ лСствичнС/Π°Π½Π³ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ прСсСку, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ›Ρƒ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΡ… конструктабилних Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° јС гСнСрисан скуп врСдности којС сС ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Ρƒ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ конструктима Π½Π° којима јС Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π£ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ, Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° су ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈ образасци гСнСрисани Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρƒ Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ свСдСни Π½Π° истовСтнС врСдности (Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅, ΡƒΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅), који ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ са Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ основама структурС ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, односно Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ карактСристикама ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ свСтлости, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ сСкундарног Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π°, БрустСровог ΡƒΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π°, ΡƒΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ свСтлости, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΈ са Π°ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ карактСристикама који сС Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Ρƒ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ са ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ полоТаја ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΡšΠ° нСбСских Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° (посСбно ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ… који сС Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Ρƒ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… основа проистСклих ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°). ПосСбно мСсто Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ карактСристикС систСма ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΡƒΠ·ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ лСствицС ΠΈ ΠŸΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ космолошкС константС, Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ’Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Ρƒ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎ-конструктабилну ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° посСбно Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΎ мСсто којС јС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΠ° процСса Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ појава (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ˜Π°) Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ™Π° ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ‡Π½Π΅ Π“Ρ€Ρ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ™Π΅Π½ΠΎ сразмСрским врСдностима Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка. Π Π°Π΄ јС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡ™Π΅Π½ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ° са ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜ΠΈ свСдочС ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ° нСсвСснС, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π»Π½Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎ-сразмСрских врСдности ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½Π΅ сразмСрС. Π“Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈ су Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° Π½Π° нСпосрСдни ΠΈ јасан Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒ Π½Π° висок стСпСн установљСнС аналогијС ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… врСдности којС с јСднС странС Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°, Π° с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅, Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Π½Π° којС сС своди Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ°. ПосСбна паТња ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° усмСрСни су Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρ†Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡšΠ° полоТаја којС су Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ основС Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Ρƒ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°Π»Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… палСолитских Ρ„Π°Π·Π°, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… приступа Ρƒ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΡƒ (синтСзи) Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎ-конструктабилних врСдности остварСних ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ холоцСнског Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ™Π°. Π¦ΠΈΡ™ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° јС Π΄Π° ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ аналогијС Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ основу ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎ којС сС Π½Π° нСпосрСдан Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρƒ установити Ρ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜ΠΈ који су ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ свСсти ΠΈ апстрактног ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ° којС јС Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π³ спСктра искустава Ρƒ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ са ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ природнофилозофским Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… законитости Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ прСсСка. Π£ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ смислу овај Ρ€Π°Π΄ доприноси ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡƒΡšΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΡƒ саврСмСних ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… контСкста ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ‡ΠΈΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅ Ρƒ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ са Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π΅ΠΌ идСјС ΠΎ Π·Π»Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ прСсСку.This dissertation represents a contribution to the history and philosophy of the golden ratio observed through the evolution of visual arts covering the period from Upper Palaeolithic to Early Holocene, including the usage of geometrical-constructible methods within Early Holocene epochs and the philosophy of nature that was conceived during the Classical epoch ending with the Hellenistic period, i.e. after Euclid's β€žElementsβ€œ. Such wide scope of the research was determined by the need to define different phases and processes of geometrical thought evolution that preceded the mathematical definition and history of the golden ratio. In this view, this work represents a theoretical synthesis of research results where the analogy between geometrical values of natural and artificial structurations has been drawn. The mentioned analogy points out various experiences in subconscious and intuitive transposition of geometric-proportional values of the golden ratio, which in the course of time led to their conscious application and understanding of their naturalphilosophical bases. The work comprises the research results of several hundreds of archaeological artefacts and written sources that indicate the continuity of various aspects, first of practical use and then of theoretical implementation of geometrical bases/foundations of this important ratio. Basically, the work rests on presentation and analytical implementation of the original geometrical methods – primary construction by golden ratio and scalar/angular division by golden ratio, whose elements have been used to generate a set of identical values that can be found as geometric dominants both in different aspects of natural structurations and in artificial contents and theoretical foundations of the ancient philosophy of nature. Therefore the research results indicate that the dominant geometrical patterns are reduced to the genesis of the identical values (proportion, angles and shapes) that coincide with the geometrical bases of the water molecule structure, i.e. geometrical characteristics of light propagation, like primary and secondary rainbow angles, Brewster’s angle, tertiary light refraction angles, and then, in certain cases, also with astrometric characteristics concerning to the position and apparent motions of celestial bodies, especially those related to geometry used for calculating equinoxes and solstices. A special place thus belongs to geometrical characteristics of Pythagorean musical scale and Plato's cosmological constant whose reduction to a unique geometric-constructible pattern points out a special epistemological and ontological place that was given to proportional values of the golden ratio in defining the processes in nature and visualisation of cosmological principles and phenomena (cosmography) in the Ancient Greek epoch. The dissertation is illustrated by comparative graphic studies and appendices whose contents show the levels of unconscious, intuitive and rational usage of geometric-proportional values of this important ratio. The graphic studies are presented so as to directly and clearly show the high level of the established analogy between geometrical values that make the contents of different artificial objects on one hand, and the elements which the geometry of natural structure is reduced to, on the other. Special attention and the research results' analysis have been directed towards understanding the position of geometricΠ°Π» bases of the golden ratio in the evolution of intelligence and creativity in different phases Palaeolithic art, and later the rational approaches in generating (synthesis) of geometric-constructible values achieved during the Holocene epochs. The purpose of this paper is to show that the elements of geometrical analogy make an important analytical basis that can be used to establish directly the relations and contents that influenced the development of conscience and abstract thought that in the course of time broadened the range of experiences related to the mathematisation and natural philosophical defining of geometric regularities of the golden ratio. Thereby, this dissertation contributes to extend contemporary historical contexts and aspects on evolutional and historical facts related to the development of the idea of golden rati

    Influence of meteorological parameters on the operation of a grid - connected PV solar plant

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    Elementary description and information on a grid-connected photovoltaic solar power plant (PV plant) of 2 kWp installed in NiΕ‘ and the influence of meteorological parameters on its operation are given in this paper. Besides, experimental results of the calculation of the energy efficiency, electrical energy generated and output power of this PV plant operating in the real climate conditions in 2017 are presented. The results regarding climate parameters and characteristic performance parameter of 2 kWp PV plant in NiΕ‘ in 2017 are discussed and it was found that in 2017 annual energy efficiency of this PV plant was 10.63% and it decreased with the ambient temperature increasing

    Supplementary data for the article: JanjiΔ‡, G. V.; MilosavljeviΔ‡, M. D.; VeljkoviΔ‡, D. Ε½.; ZariΔ‡, S. D. Prediction of Strong O-H/M Hydrogen Bonding between Water and Square-Planar Ir and Rh Complexes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2017, 19 (13), 8657–8660. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e

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    Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2444]Related to accepted version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3230

    Supplementary data for the article: JanjiΔ‡, G. V.; MilosavljeviΔ‡, M. D.; VeljkoviΔ‡, D. Ε½.; ZariΔ‡, S. D. Prediction of Strong O-H/M Hydrogen Bonding between Water and Square-Planar Ir and Rh Complexes. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2017, 19 (13), 8657–8660. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e

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    Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08796e]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2444]Related to accepted version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3230

    Comparison and assessment of electricity generation capacity for different types of photovoltaic solar plants of 1MW in Sokobanja, Serbia

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    This paper gives the results of the electricity generated by the fixed, one-axis and dual-axis tracking photovoltaic solar plant of 1 MW with flat panels made of monocrystalline silicon which is to be built in the area of Sokobanja (spa in Serbia). Further on follows a description of the functioning of the fixed and one-axis and dual-axis tracking solar plants. For the calculation of the electricity generated by these plants PVGIS program was used. Calculations have shown that fixed photovoltaic solar plant power of 1 MW, solar modules of mono-crystalline silicon yield 1130000 kWh power output, one-axis tracking solar plant yields 1420000 kWh, and dual-axis tracking solar plant yields 1450000 kWh of electricity. Electricity generated by the fixed photovoltaic solar plant could satisfy 86% of the annual needs for the electricity of the 'Zdravljak' hotel and the special 'Novi stacionar' hospital in Sokobanja

    The European Union in the politicization process

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    ЈСдна ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΡ… карактСристика Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ СвропскС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜Π° 1980- ΠΈΡ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ процСса ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ сС Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎ јавним ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠΈΠΌΠ° супротан Слитистичком ΠΈ тСхнократском Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ доношСња ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΠΊΠ°, ΡƒΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π²Π΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° СвропскС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΏΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, схвата ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Π° са јавним ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, посСбно са Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ. Европска ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ слоТСн ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ систСм Π½Π΅Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° са Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ° консСнсуалнС Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ који Π·Π° основу ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ сСгмСнтирано Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ, испрСсСцано осим Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ транснационалним ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠ°. Π£Π½ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, одвија сС процСс ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ која ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ˜Π° Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΠ΅ систСма. Π Π°Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈ искуства ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… слоТСних, консСнсуалних Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ – Π‘Π΅Π»Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ Π¨Π²Π°Ρ˜Ρ†Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠ΅ – Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Π΅Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π³Π° Π·Π° посСбним карактСристикама ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ Π•Π£ којС проистичу ΠΈΠ· њСнС описанС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ΠΌ ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° будућност ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρƒ Π•Π£. Иако Π½Π΅Ρ›Π΅ ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ±Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΡƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Π•Π£ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ условима ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ˜ Ρ˜Π΅Ρ€ прСдставља Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ расправа ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡ™Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ’Π°Π½Π° Ρƒ нСдостатку Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡƒΡ‡Π΅ΡˆΡ›Π° Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΌ процСсу Π•Π£. Π”ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ, Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ˜ који ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Свропских ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° постСпСно ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ СвропскС јавнС сфСрС ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ˜Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… сфСра, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Свропског ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ’Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° УнијС.Since the end of the 1980s, the intensifying of the politicization process has been one of the important characteristics of the EU integration process. The politicization in the EU is understood as the way of contesting and decision-making on public issues, the way that is opposite to the elitist and technocratic mode of decision-making, typical for the first decades of EU integration. Thus, the politicization, and also the politicization in the EU, is grasped as complementary to the public character of modern politics, especially with democracy. The European union is conceptualized as an extremely compound and non-centralized political system of a non-state type with the elements of consensus democracy and with a deeply segmented society as its basis, divided by national and many transnational lines. Within that society, as well as within its political institutions, the politicization process has been developing which has been influencing the functioning of the system considerably. We explore the experiences of politicization in other compound, consensus democracies in Europe – Belgium and Switzerland – and by comparing the specific cases of politicization, we are searching for the possible specific characteristics of politicization in the EU that stem from its described nature. Also, we are analyzing the possible impact of such politicization on the future of integration and politics in the EU. Although not always contributing to deepening of integration, the politicization in the EU, under specific circumstances, could have a democratizing effect. It serves as the opportunity for stimulating the debates on important issues and articulating the will of the citizens while the adequate forms of participation in the political process are still missing in the EU. In addition, we discuss the potential impact of the politicization of European issues on the gradual creation of the European public sphere or the Europeanisation of the national public spheres, as well as on the Europeanisation of society and emergence of the European political identity among the EU citizens

    Carbon monoxide poisoning in a family showing different ECG disturbances

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    Prikazano je trovanje ugljen monoksidom u tročlanoj porodici, nakon nepotpunog sagorevanja butan gasa u peΔ‡i za etaΕΎno grejanje, sa različitim stepenima smetnji u provoΔ‘enju i ishemijskim promenama u EKG-u. Otrovani su bili otac, majka i sin. Otac je imao poveΔ‡anu aktivnost amilaze u urinu (507 i.j./L), koncentraciju COHb 4,8%, a u EKG-u je registrovan kratkotrajni blok leve grane Hisovog snopa i negativan T-talas u III odvodu koji se odrΕΎavao oko dve nedelje. Majka je uz koncentraciju COHb od 6% imala produΕΎen PQ-interval, dok je sin imao 8,5% COHb u krvi i prolazan inkompletni blok desne grane Hisovog snopa. Nakon terapije čistim kiseonikom pod pritiskom, simptomi trovanja su nestali, koncentracija COHb je pala ispod 1 %, a u EKG-u je registrovano poboljΕ‘anje. Bolesnici su u terapiji primali i infuzije piracetama.The paper presents the poisoning of a family of three by carbon monoxide, caused by incomplete combustion of butane gas in a central heating system, with various disturbances in conduction and ishaemic changes in the ECG. The father, mother and son were poisoned. The father had increased amylase activity in urine (507 i.u./L) and, a COHb concentration of 4.8%. An ECG registered a temporary block of the left branch of the His bundle and a negative T wave in the III lead, which continued for about two weeks. The mother had a COHb concentration of 6% and an extended PQ interval, whereas the son had 8.5% of COHb in the blood and a transient incomplete block of the right branch of the His bundle. After treatment with pressurised pure oxygen, the symptoms of poisoning disappeared, COHb concentration fell to below 1 % and the ECG registered an improvement. During treatment the patients also received an infusion of piracetam

    Sustainable forms of multiculturalism in Serbia

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    Π£ овој Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΡ˜Π΅ сС ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ Ρ„Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. Π‘Π°Π²Π΅Π· комуниста je Ρƒ бившој ΠˆΡƒΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ промовисао ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, који јС Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° прСдставља ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΈΠΌ различитостима. Π‘Π° сломом ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ постао јС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π», ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ односС. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Ρ Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ дСвСдСсСтих Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° простору бившС ΠˆΡƒΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΎ јС Π΄Π° ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, односно ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ мултикултуралности Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… односно Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°. ΠœΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ односно ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡˆΡ›Π΅Π½ΠΈ су Ρƒ сврху ΠΎΡ‚Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ° Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†Π° којС су Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Ρƒ саставу Π‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ Π Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠˆΡƒΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. ПослС дСмократских ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° 2000. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π½Π°Ρ˜Π°Π²Ρ™Π΅Π½ јС Π½ΠΎΠ² приступ мањинској ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ различитости ΡƒΠ· ΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… стандарда ΠΈΠ· области мањинскС Π·Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ услСд сСлСктивнС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ конституционалних ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡšΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ’Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡšΠ° Π·Π° Π²Π΅Ρ›ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½Ρƒ, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ јС ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Ρƒ сСгрСгативном ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ™ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ странС. Π£ Ρ€Π°Π΄Ρƒ јС присутна ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° која сС односи Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ…Ρ‚Π΅Π²Π΅ мањина – посСбна административна ΠΈ / ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° ΡƒΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅. Полазна основа Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΡƒ јС Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ доприносС ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΡƒ сСгрСгативног ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρƒ Π‘Ρ€Π±ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, који Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΡˆΠΊΡƒ Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°. Π”ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ приступа Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° Ρƒ Π‘Ρ€Π±ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ олакшава ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π°. β€žΠ•Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈβ€œ подстичу ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ›Π°ΡšΠ° Π½Π΅Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ страха ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° којС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ успоставили ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Ρƒ Π½Π°Π΄ њима. ΠšΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Π° дистинктивност Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° прСдставља Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π½ рСсурс који осигурава ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ успСх ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… прСдставника Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина Ρƒ процСс доношСња ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΠΊΠ°. Π£ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ објашњСња ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Ρ‚Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ˜ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π’ΠΈΠ»Π° КимликС, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ˜ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ° Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ приступа Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ јС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π·Π° мањинскС Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ ΡƒΠ· ΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈ Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΠ°. Π£ процСсу Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ комбиновања Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… приступа Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ/Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ приступ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ/Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ вСћинског ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° Ρƒ Π‘Ρ€Π±ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. Из ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ дошло сС Π΄ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π° доприносС ΡΠ΅Π³Ρ€Π΅Π³Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° ΠΈ одрТивости сСгрСгативног ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρƒ Π‘Ρ€Π±ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅ сС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‚ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°) ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π²Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ инструмСнтС Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Π£ односу Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ дСвСдСсСтих Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° 20. Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина Ρƒ Π‘Ρ€Π±ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΡšΠ° Ρƒ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ дСловања. Π’Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π°ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π΅ заснованС Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡƒ којС су ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина (Π”Π—Π’Πœ, Π”Π‘Π’Πœ, Π‘Π’Πœ, БДА Банџака, ΠŸΠ”Π”, Π”ΠŸΠ) ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ дСвСдСсСтих Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅ садрТину Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ идСнтитСтска ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ°. НС Π·Π°Ρ…Ρ‚Π΅Π²Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ свС мањинскС Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ. ПојСдиним Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ мањинама Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ™Π½Π° јС ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‚ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ°, Русина). Ипак, ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ мањинС којима јС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ својС β€žΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅β€œ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π»ΠΈ притискС Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‚ Π‘ΡƒΡšΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ†Π°, Π’Π»Π°Ρ…Π°, Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°). Π’ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π° Π΄Π° јС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ услов Π·Π° ΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ односно опстанак ΠΌΠ°ΡšΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°. Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… мањина Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ су Π½Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ΠΈ сСгСгативни односи ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ мањинским Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ вСћинског ΠΈ мањинског ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π²Π°, који сС ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅.This dissertation examines the role of political leaders of national minorities in various stages of multicultural policy development. The Union of Communists in the former Yugoslavia promoted and implemented an integrative model of multiculturalism, which was supposed to represent a sustainable political solution for the management of ethno-cultural differences. With the collapse of communism, integrative multiculturalism became an unsustainable model, which had a negative impact on inter-ethnic relations. The process of ethnicization of politics during the nineties of the 20th century in the territory of the former Yugoslavia showed that multiculturalism, i.e. policies of multiculturalism, do not have the capacity to ensure the integration of ethnic or national groups. Multiculturalism, i.e. mechanisms of ethnocultural justice, were used for the purpose of secession of the federal units that were part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the democratic changes in 2000, a new approach to minority policy and the institutionalization of diversity was announced with respect for international standards in the field of minority protection, however due to the selective application of constitutional measures and the unwillingness of political elites to find acceptable political solutions for the majority and the minority, multiculturalism was developed in a segregated form as a sustainable and acceptable solution for both parties. The paper presents a political interpretation of multiculturalism that refers to the demands of minorities - special administrative and/or political rights within the national state. The starting point in the research is that political leaders contribute to the maintenance of segregative multiculturalism in Serbia, who carry out the strategic essentialization of cultures and politicize the ethnic identities of minority groups. The dominance of the primordialist approach to ethnicity among minority groups in Serbia facilitates the politicization of their ethnic identities. "Ethnic entrepreneurs" incite feelings of inequality, injustice and fear among the minority groups they represent in order to establish political control over them. The cultural distinctiveness of groups is an important resource that ensures the electoral success of national minority parties and the inclusion of political representatives of national minorities in the decision-making process. In the analysis of the theoretical explanation of multiculturalism, more precisely in the liberal theory of minority rights by Will Kimlika, we come across an attempt to reconcile ethnic and liberal approaches to the nation, where the recognition of rights for minority groups is possible while respecting cultural and ethnic criteria. In the process of ethnomobilization, different approaches to ethnicity/nation are combined. The primordialist approach to the nation/ethnicity has primacy among the majority population and minority groups in Serbia. This analysis led to the conclusion that the political leaders of national minorities contribute to the segregation of minority groups and the sustainability of segregative multiculturalism in Serbia by politicizing primordial elements of ethnicity. In addition, political leaders of minority groups oppose various mechanisms of integration (such as bilingual education) labeling them as instruments of assimilation. In relation to the period of the nineties of the 20th century, there are no deviations in the choice of political action strategies among the parties of national minorities in Serbia. Territorial autonomies based on the mono-ethnic principle, which were conceived in the programs of the parties of national minorities (DZVM, DSVM, SVM, SDA SandΕΎaka, PDD, DPA) in the early 1990s, form the content of the current programs of parties where identity issues dominate. Not all minority groups demand political and cultural integration. Cultural integration is sufficient for certain national minorities (such as Slovaks, Ruthenians). Nevertheless, there are national minorities who need political integration in order to protect their "social cultures" and avoid the pressures of assimilation (such as Bunjevacs, Vlachs, Roma). This implies that political integration is a necessary condition for cultural integration, that is, the survival of minority groups. The institutional framework enables the political integration of national minorities at the national and regional level, while at the local level, segregative relations between minority groups, as well as between the majority and minority populations, can be overcome through political and social integration
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