The metatranscriptomes of root caries and sound root surface biofilms

There is limited knowledge of bacterial metabolism in root caries lesions. The aim of this study was to describe the bacterial metatranscriptomes associated with root caries and sound root surfaces using an RNA-seq analysis approach. The biofilms from exposed root surfaces were sampled from caries-free volunteers (n=10), and from the infected dentine of volunteers with root caries (n=30). Total bacterial RNA was extracted; cDNA libraries were prepared and sequenced on the Illumina Hi-Seq2500. The function and composition of the metabolically active microbiota were investigated using: a) MG-RAST, and b) denovo assembly of the read data and mapping to contigs. Differential gene expression analysis was done using the R package DESeq2 (padj <10−3). Transcripts with the highest expression levels were those coding for membrane transport systems, ribosomal proteins, enolase and glycolytic pathways in both groups. Differential analysis indicated that genes coding for the OmpA domain protein and metalloprotease domain protein were over-expressed in the caries samples (log2FoldChange = –12.2; padj= 3.5 × 10−13), whereas genes in the samples from healthy sites over-expressed pilus biosynthesis protein, thiamine diphosphokinase and transporter protein (log2FoldChange = 16.5; padj = 2.2 × 10−21). Metatranscriptomic analyses show unique gene expression profiles in sound root surface and carious biofilms

The Budget Enforcement Act in 1992: Necessary But Not Sufficient

The 1992 budget process followed the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (BEA) script, although not without a protracted conflict concerning the walls separating the three categories of discretionary spending. The walls were retained, spending caps were met, and the process was timely. What deficit reduction occurred was the result of spending below the FY 1993 defense cap. Congress neither raised taxes nor cut entitlements to reduce the deficit further. The deficit grew significantly, driven by entitlement spending, chiefly health care programs. The limits of the BEA approach to spending control and deficit reduction became apparent

2 Contribution Number 1328-E from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center

ABSTRACT We studied the balance of Na + , K + , Cl -, and water in six high yielding (&gt;39 kg/d of milk) cows between wk 2 to 1 prepartum and at 2 and 7 wk postpartum during winter in Israel. Cows were fed complete diets; Na + and Cl -contents exceeded dietary recommendations, and K + content was equal to dietary recommendations. Milk yield was related positively and significantly to retention of Cl -and K + , indicating that ions that are the main constituents of sweat can limit the ability of cows to express full genetic potential. The highest ion retention was recorded for cows that had the highest dry matter intake and, hence, the highest ion intake. Retention of Cl -was highest for cows that were most efficient in retaining Cl -in the kidney. In hot climates, increasing the concentrations of ions in the diet of early lactation cows according to the actual dry matter intake could prevent or reduce the severity of ion deficiencies. Water turnover rate of the cows was dependent on dry matter intake, milk yield, and respiratory-cutaneous water loss. The milk-free water balance (water turnover rate minus water secreted in milk) could be very efficiently predicted for lactating and nonlactating cows by the following equation: milk-free water balance (kilograms per day) = digestible energy intake (megacalories per day) × 0.58 + respiratory-cutaneous loss (kilograms per day) × 0.97 ( n = 18; R 2 = 0.97). This formula provides a tool to assess the evaporative-cutaneous water loss from feed and water intake measurements to evaluate the severity of heat stress. ( Key words: water, ions, metabolism, lactation) Abbreviation key: FWI = free water intake, MFWB = milk-free water balance, RCW = respiratorycutaneous water, WTO = water turnover

ToMRobot 2.0: real mobility mechanism in MANET testbed using mobile robot

This paper is a continuation of our previous paper under the same topic, ToMRobot 1.0. Our main goal of developing ToMRobot 2.0 is to improve the ToMRobot 1.0 that we developed earlier. ToMRobot was developed because we think mobile robot technology is more practical than other approaches as a real world mobility mechanism in MANET testbed. But to develop our own mobile robot at low cost and at the same time not complex is very challenging. The challenge is overcome through the use of easy-to-use components, self-built components using 3D printers and the use of mobile robot designs that have proven to be easily developed, cheap and effective. The use of the Robot Operating System (ROS) as the main robot software framework greatly helps to reduce the complexity of developing control system for mobile robot