5,844 research outputs found
Does breathing disturb arm to leg coordination in butterfly
International audienc
Operational applications of NOAA-VHRR imagery in Alaska
Near-real time operational applications of NOAA satellite enhanced thermal infrared imagery to snow monitoring for river flood forecasts, and a photographic overlay technique of imagery to enhance snowcover are presented. Ground truth comparisons show a thermal accuracy of approximately + or - 1 C for detection of surface radiative temperatures. The application of NOAA imagery to flood mapping is also presented
Hydrologic Properties of Subarctic Organic Soils
Completion Report
for
U. S. Forest Service
Institute of Northern Forestry
Cooperative Agreement No. 16 USC 581; 581a-581iThe need for understanding the natural system and how it responds
to various stresses is important; this is especially so in an environment
where the climate not only sustains permafrost, but develops
massive seasonal frost as well. Consequently, the role of the shallow
surface organic layer is also quite important. Since a slight change in
the soil thermal regime may bring about a phase change in the water or
ice, therefore, the system response to surface alterations such as
burning can be quite severe. The need for a better understanding of the
behavior and properties of the organic layer is, therefore, accentuated.
The central theme of this study was the examination of the hydrologic
and hydraulic properties of subarctic organic soils. Summarized
in this paper are the results of three aspects of subarctic organic soil
examinations conducted during the duration of the project. First, a
field site was set up in Washington Creek with the major emphasis on
measuring numerous variables of that soil system during the summer. The
greatest variations in moisture content occur in the thick organic soils
that exist at this site. Our major emphasis was to study the soil
moisture levels in these soils. This topic is covered in the first
major section, including associated laboratory studies. Those laboratory
studies include investigations of several hydraulic and hydrologic
properties of taiga organic and mineral soils. Second, some field data
on organic moisture levels was collected at the site of prescribed burns
in Washington Creek to ascertain the sustainability of fires as a function
of moisture levels. This portion of the study is described under the
second major heading. The last element of this study was a continued
application of the two-dimensional flow model that was developed in an
earlier study funded by the U. S. Forest Service, Institute of Northern
Forestry, and reported by Kane, Luthin, and Taylor (1975a).
Many of the results and concepts gathered in the field work were
integrated into the modeling effort, which is aimed at producing better
estimates of the hydrologic effects of surface disturbances in the black
spruce taiga subarctic ecosystem. This knowledge should also contribute
to better fire management decisions of the same system.The work upon which this report is based was made possible by a
cooperative aid agreement funded by the U. S. Forest Service, Institute
of Northern Forestry, Fairbanks, Alaska. Contribution to this study was
also made by Ohio State University
Effects of seasonability and variability of streamflow on nearshore coastal areas: final report
General nature and scope of the study:
This study examines the variability of streamflow in all
gaged Alaskan rivers and streams which terminate in the ocean.
Forty-one such streams have been gaged for varying periods of
time by the U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division.
Attempts have been made to characterize streamflow statistically
using standard hydrological methods. The analysis scheme
which was employed is shown in the flow chart which follows.
In addition to the statistical characterization, the following
will be described for each stream when possible:
1. average period of break-up initiation (10-day period)
2. average period of freeze-up (10-day period)
3. miscellaneous break-up and freeze-up data.
4. relative hypsometric curve for each basin
5. observations on past ice-jam flooding
6. verbal description of annual flow variation
7. original indices developed in this study to relate streamflow
variability to basin characteristics and regional
climate.This study was supported under contract 03-5-022-56, Task Order
#4, Research Unit #111, between the University of Alaska and NOAA,
Department of Commerce to which funds were provided by the Bureau of
Land Management through an interagency agreement
COORDINATION: HOW ELITE SWIMMERS DIFFER FROM SUB-ELITE
In this talk the inter-limb coordination of elite and sub-elite swimmers are discussed with a view to informing coaches of the similarities and differences between these groups. In the past it has been reported that the inter-limb coordination should show an opposition mode, i.e. a propulsive continuity between the propulsion of one limb and those of the other limb, in order to minimize the intra-cyclic velocity variations. However, the research of our centre of research highlighted the fact that the inter-limb coordination mode adopted by the swimmers corresponds to three types of constraint defined by Newell (1986): organismic, task and environmental constraint. The skill level of the swimmers, the specialty, the gender, the handedness and the breathing laterality act as organismic constraints; the imposed race pace, the stroke frequency, the number of strokes, the breathing frequency and pattern could be consider as task constraints while the active drag and his correspondent velocity relate to the environmental constraints. Inter-limb coordination was found to vary from catch or glide coordination mode to superposition mode, showing that the opposition mode is only the best “theoretical” mode and the glide mode is not a technical mistake. Therefore it is advised for coaches to don’t consider an ideal coordination mode in the absolute but to teach the swimmers in different ways when developing coordination. This talk presents new information based on recent scientific research conducted at the CETAPS. The variables of interest were: average swim speed, stroke length, stroke frequency, intra-cyclic velocity variations, breathing laterality, relative duration of arm and leg stroke phases, time gap between propulsive actions assessed by total time gap (TTG) in the simultaneous strokes and by index of coordination (IdC) in the alternate strokes. Interesting findings emerged that have implications for the both elite and sub-elite swimmers should be coached
Effective adhesion strength of specifically bound vesicles
A theoretical approach has been undertaken in order to model the
thermodynamic equilibrium of a vesicle adhering to a flat substrate. The
vesicle is treated in a canonical description with a fixed number of sites. A
finite number of these sites are occupied by mobile ligands that are capable of
interacting with a discrete number of receptors immobilized on the substrate.
Explicit consideration of the bending energy of the vesicle shape has shown
that the problem of the vesicle shape can be decoupled from the determination
of the optimum allocation of ligands over the vesicle. The allocation of bound
and free ligands in the vesicle could be determined as a function of the size
of the contact zone, the ligand-receptor binding strength and the concentration
of the system constituents. Several approximate solutions for different regions
of system parameters are determined and in particular, the distinction between
receptor-dominated equilibria and ligand-dominated equilibria is found to be
important. The crossover between these two types of solutions is found to occur
at a critical size of the contact zone. The presented approach enables the
calculation of the effective adhesion strength of the vesicle and thus permits
meaningful comparisons with relevant experiments as well as connecting the
presented model with the proven success of the continuum approach for modeling
the shapes of adhering vesicles. The behavior of the effective adhesion
strength is analyzed in detail and several approximate expressions for it are
given.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev.
Effective temperatures of a heated Brownian particle
We investigate various possible definitions of an effective temperature for a
particularly simple nonequilibrium stationary system, namely a heated Brownian
particle suspended in a fluid. The effective temperature based on the
fluctuation dissipation ratio depends on the time scale under consideration, so
that a simple Langevin description of the heated particle is impossible. The
short and long time limits of this effective temperature are shown to be
consistent with the temperatures estimated from the kinetic energy and Einstein
relation, respectively. The fluctuation theorem provides still another
definition of the temperature, which is shown to coincide with the short time
value of the fluctuation dissipation ratio
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