Students’ Optimization of their School Performance by Using Explainer Videos on YouTube: Deschooling Strategy or Self-Help?

Die schulbezogene Nutzung von Erklärvideos insbesondere auf YouTube hat sich zunehmend im Medienrepertoire von Schülerinnen und Schülern etabliert. Gegenstand des Beitrags ist die Beschreibung und Analyse der ausserschulischen Nutzung von Erklärvideos in verschiedenen Schulfächern als Form schulbezogener Leistungsoptimierungsstrategien. Von Interesse ist, welche Fächer geschaut werden, welche Nutzungsanlässe und motivationalen Gründe es zur Rezeption gibt sowie welche Lernstrategien dabei genutzt werden. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Analyse, wie sich die schulbezogene Erklärvideonutzung von Schülerinnen und Schülern auf unterschiedlichen Notenniveaus unterscheiden. Die Datenbasis bildet eine standardisierte Befragung (n = 1.392) von Schülerinnen und Schülern der 8. bis 13. Klasse in den Regionen Bremen und Aachen an allgemeinbildenden Schulen. Als Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass insbesondere Erklärvideos für die Schulfächer Mathematik, Geschichte sowie Biologie rezipiert werden. Schülerinnen und Schüler mit schlechteren Noten schauen überproportional viele Erklärvideos in den Nachhilfe relevanten Fächern Mathematik, Deutsch sowie Englisch und geben mehr fremdbestimmte Gründe für das Schauen von Erklärvideos an. Schülerinnen und Schüler mit besseren Noten nutzen Erklärvideos eher selbstbestimmt und nutzen verstärkt verstehensorientierte Lernstrategien. Abschliessend wird herausgearbeitet, dass die Nutzung durch die Schülerinnen und Schüler als eine leistungs- bzw. effizienzoptimierende Selbsthilfestrategie zu verstehen ist. Obwohl die Bereitstellung und breite Rezeption von Erklärvideos ein Indiz für eine zunehmende Entschulungsstrategie darstellt, zeigt die Analyse, dass das curriculare Hegemonial der Schule in Bezug auf die Inhalte schulbezogener Erklärvideos weiter besteht.School-related use of explainer videos, especially on YouTube, has increasingly established itself in the media repertoire of students. This article describes and analyzes the use of explainer videos outside of school as a form of school-related performance optimization strategies in various school subjects. The investigation aims to clarify which subjects are watched, which occasions for the use exist, which reasons for the reception are given and which learning strategies are used. One focus is on the analysis of how school-related explanatory video use differs among students at different grade levels. The data basis is a standardized survey (n = 1.392) of 8th to 13th grade students at general education schools in the regions of Bremen and Aachen. The results show that explanatory videos are watched particularly frequently for the school subjects mathematics, history and biology. Students with poorer grades watch a disproportionately high number of videos in math, German and English. They also give more externally determined reasons for watching explainer videos. Students with better grades are more likely to use explanatory videos in a self-determined way and use more comprehension-oriented learning strategies. In conclusion, we find that students’ use of explanatory videos should be understood as a performance- or efficiency-optimizing self-help strategy. Although the provision and widespread reception of explainer videos is an indication of an increasing deschooling strategy, the analysis shows that the curricular hegemony of the school continues to exist with regard to the content of school-related explainer videos

Non-redundant functions of H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 in chromosome segregation and cell cycle progression.

© 2021 The Authors. H2A.Z is a H2A-type histone variant essential for many aspects of cell biology, ranging from gene expression to genome stability. From deuterostomes, H2A.Z evolved into two paralogues, H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2, that differ by only three amino acids and are encoded by different genes (H2AFZ and H2AFV, respectively). Despite the importance of this histone variant in development and cellular homeostasis, very little is known about the individual functions of each paralogue in mammals. Here, we have investigated the distinct roles of the two paralogues in cell cycle regulation and unveiled non-redundant functions for H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 in cell division. Our findings show that H2A.Z.1 regulates the expression of cell cycle genes such as Myc and Ki-67 and its depletion leads to a G1 arrest and cellular senescence. On the contrary, H2A.Z.2, in a transcription-independent manner, is essential for centromere integrity and sister chromatid cohesion regulation, thus playing a key role in chromosome segregation.The Wellcone Trust. Grant Number: 210742/Z/18/Z; Kidscan Children's Cancer Research (Kidscan

Dutch trauma system performance: are injured patients treated at the right place?

Background: The goal of trauma systems is to match patient care needs to the capabilities of the receiving centre. Severely injured patients have shown better outcomes if treated in a major trauma centre (MTC). We aimed to evaluate patient distribution in the Dutch trauma system. Furthermore, we sought to identify factors associated with the undertriage and transport of severely injured patients (Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15) to the MTC by emergency medical services (EMS).Methods: Data on all acute trauma admissions in the Netherlands (2015-2016) were extracted from the Dutch national trauma registry. An ambulance driving time model was applied to calculate MTC transport times and transport times of ISS >15 patients to the closest MTC and non-MTC. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with ISS >15 patients' EMS undertriage to an MTC.Results: Of the annual average of 78,123 acute trauma admissions, 4.9% had an ISS >15. The nonseverely injured patients were predominantly treated at non-MTCs (79.2%), and 65.4% of patients with an ISS >15 received primary MTC care. This rate varied across the eleven Dutch trauma networks (36.8%-88.4%) and was correlated with the transport times to an MTC (Pearson correlation -0.753, p=0.007). The trauma networks also differed in the rates of secondary transfers of ISS >15 patients to MTC hospitals (7.8% 59.3%) and definitive MTC care (43.6% - 93.2%). Factors associated with EMS undertriage of ISS >15 patients to the MTC were female sex, older age, severe thoracic and abdominal injury, and longer additional EMS transport times.Conclusions: Approximately one-third of all severely injured patients in the Netherlands are not initially treated at an MTC. Special attention needs to be directed to identifying patient groups with a high risk of undertriage. Furthermore, resources to overcome longer transport times to an MTC, including the availability of ambulance and helicopter services, may improve direct MTC care and result in a decrease in the variation of the undertriage of severely injured patients to MTCs among the Dutch trauma networks. Furthermore, attention needs to be directed to improving primary triage guidelines and instituting uniform interfacility transfer agreements. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Trauma Surger

Catch-up growth up to ten years of age in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight

BACKGROUND: Improved survival due to advances in neonatal care has brought issues such as postnatal growth and development more to the focus of our attention. Most studies report stunting in children born very preterm and/or small for gestational age. In this article we study the growth pattern of these children and aim to identify factors associated with postnatal catch-up growth. METHODS: 1338 children born with a gestational age <32 weeks and/or a birth weight of <1500 grams were followed during a Dutch nationwide prospective study (POPS). Subgroups were classified as appropriate for gestational age and <32 weeks (AGA) or small for gestational age (<32 wks SGA and ≥32 wks SGA). Data were collected at different intervals from birth until 10 years for the 962 survivors and compared to reference values. The correlation between several factors and growth was analysed. RESULTS: At 10 years the AGA children had attained normal height, whereas the SGA group demonstrated stunting, even after correction for target height (AGA: 0.0 SDS; SGA <32 wks: -0.29SDS and ≥32 wks: -0.13SDS). Catch-up growth was especially seen in the SGA children with a fast initial weight gain. BMI was approximately 1 SD below the population reference mean. CONCLUSION: At 10 years of age, children born very preterm AGA show no stunting. However, many children born SGA, especially the very preterm, show persistent stunting. Early weight gain seems an important prognostic factor in predicting childhood growth

Ethnic profiling in the Netherlands? A reflection on expanding preventive powers, ethnic profiling and a changing social and political context

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit