A theoretical approach to thermal noise caused by an inhomogeneously distributed loss -- Physical insight by the advanced modal expansion

We modified the modal expansion, which is the traditional method used to calculate thermal noise. This advanced modal expansion provides physical insight about the discrepancy between the actual thermal noise caused by inhomogeneously distributed loss and the traditional modal expansion. This discrepancy comes from correlations between the thermal fluctuations of the resonant modes. The thermal noise spectra estimated by the advanced modal expansion are consistent with the results of measurements of thermal fluctuations caused by inhomogeneous losses.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

About Us and Not About Us: Theorizing Student Resistance to Learning about Race and Racism from Underrepresented Faculty

Three early-career scholars write across their experiences as underrepresented faculty who teach required diversity courses to future educators in a predominantly white, small, state college. The authors theorize student resistance to course material and to faculty of color teaching about race and racism in a series of tableaus of their classrooms. They examine the ways that students\u27 tactics of avoidance, consuming the Other, and I won\u27t learn from you are simultaneously \u27\u27about us and not about us, unmasking uneven assumptions about the role of diversity courses in teacher preparation programs

Chiroptical properties of an alternatingly functionalized cellotriose bearing two porphyrin groups.

Right-handedness derived from bisporphyrins attached to a cellotriose backbone at O-6 and O''-6 positions is revealed for the first time. This cellotriose is proposed as a model of alternatingly functionalized cellulosics, which have promising properties for applications in optoelectronics and molecular receptors owing to the chirality and rigid backbone effects

Les Goitres Bénins En ORL Aspects Epidemiologiques Et Anatomocliniques : Étude De 97 Cas

But : Analyse épidémiologique, clinique et anatomopathologique des goitres bénins. Méthodologie : Etude rétrospective de janvier 2002 à décembre 2006 sur dossier de patients ayant consulté en ORL pour goitre. Les paramètres suivant ont été étudiés : - interrogatoire : âge, sexe, profession, résidence, ancienneté du goitre, motif de consultation ; - examen clinique précisant résultats palpation, classification OMS de 1962 du goitre ; - résultats de l\'échographie ; - résultats du dosage de la TSH ultrasensible. Ont été exclus tous les dossiers comportant une histologie suspecte et/ou maligne et les inflammations de la thyroïde. Ainsi a-t-on retenu 97 dossiers sur 122. Résultats : Notre recrutement a été marqué par une forte proportion d\'adulte jeune (classe d\'âge de 31 à 50 ans : 78 patients) et par une prédominance féminine (sex-ratio, 17/80). Ces patients étaient plus souvent des femmes au foyer et résidaient le plus souvent à Bamako. Ils étaient porteurs à 52% de goitre évoluant depuis plus de vingt ans et à 44% de plus de dix ans d\'évolution. Deux signes principaux ont amenés les patients à consulter : les signes d\'hyperthyroïdie et la tuméfaction cervicale disgracieuse. Le goitre était de type 3 de l\'OMS dans 68% des cas. Un aspect multi nodulaire clinique a été vu chez 81 patients. A l\'imagerie, nous avons noté 10% de goitre isoéchogène. L\'examen anatomopathologie a plus souvent trouvé des goitres de type macro folliculaire sur les pièces d\'exérèse. Ils étaient dans 20% des cas des goitres en activité. Conclusion : Le praticien ORL en pays d\'endémie goitreuse se doit de connaître tous les contours de la pathologie thyroïdienne. Il ne doit jamais oublier non plus que la prise en charge efficiente doit être multidisciplinaire (Endocrinologue, Radiologue, Anatomopathologiste, Anesthésiste Réanimateur). Patients and methods : retrospective study of 97 cases traeted from January 2002 to December 2006. Were excluded malignant and inflammatory thyroid deseases. Results: Our patients were essentially young adults (from 31 to 50 years: 78 patients) . We noted a female prevalence (sex-ratio: 17/80) 52% had more than twenty years evolution goiter and 44% more than ten years evolution. Two principal symptoms led the patients to consult: those of hyperthyroidy and cervical swelling. The goiter was classified as type 3 of WHO in 68% of the cases. A multi nodular aspect was found among 81 patients. We noted 10% of isoechogene goiter. The treatment was surgery The histological examination found macrofollicular goiter in the majority of cases. Keywords: Thyroïd gland, goiter bénign, cervical swelling. Journal Tunisien d\'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale Vol. 18 2007: pp. 16-1

Ratio and time requirements on operant schedules: effort-related effects of nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions

Accumbens dopamine (DA) depletions produce deficits that are related to the ratio requirement of the operant schedule; however, it is also possible that time without reinforcement is a factor. The present study examined the effects of accumbens DA depletions in rats using variable interval (VI) schedules with additional fixed ratio (FR) requirements. Four VI schedules were used (VI 60/FR 1, VI 120/FR 1, VI 60/FR 10, VI 120/FR 10). Attachment of the additional work requirement increased response rates under control conditions. After surgery, there was no interaction between interval level (i.e. 60 vs. 120 s) and DA depletion, but there was a significant interaction between ratio requirement (i.e. 1 vs. 10) and DA depletion within the first week after surgery. DA depletions substantially impaired performance on the schedules with added FR 10 requirements, an effect that was largely dependent upon a reduction in fast responses (i.e. interresponse times less than 1.0 s). There was little effect of DA depletion on overall responding on VI 60/FR 1 and VI 120/FR 1 schedules. DA depletions also increased the tendency to take long pauses in responding (i.e. > 20.0 s), and this effect was evident across all schedules tested. Thus, accumbens DA depletions interact with work requirements and blunt the rate-enhancing effects of moderate size ratios, and also enhance the tendency to pause. Attachment of ratio requirements to interval schedules is a work-related response cost that provides a challenge to the organism, and DA in nucleus accumbens appears to be necessary for adapting to this challenge