Development and validation of an automated thawing and mixing workcell

Journal ArticleWorking toward a goal of total laboratory automation, we are automating manual activities in our highest volume laboratory section. Because half of all specimens arriving in this laboratory section are frozen, we began by developing an automated workcell for thawing frozen specimens and mixing the thawed specimens to remove concentration gradients resulting from freezing and thawing

Regulation of Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation by the Vitamin D Receptor and its Coactivators DRIP205, SRC2, and SRC3

It has long been known that the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, stimulates differentiation and inhibits proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes through interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR functions through the coordinate binding of vitamin D response elements in the DNA and specific coactivator proteins which help to initiate transcription. It was recently observed that VDR binds to two major coactivator complexes, DRIP (VDR-interacting protein) and SRC (steroid receptor coactivator), during keratinocyte differentiation. To determine the role of VDR and its coactivators in mediating keratinocyte differentiation, we developed an adenoviral system to knock down, or in the case of VDR, overexpress these genes. In order to study all stages of keratinocyte development, we employed an advanced differentiated normal human keratinocyte culture system that produces a multilayer phenotype similar to that of normal skin. These studies have shown that VDR, DRIP, and SRC are all required for promotion of both early and late keratinocyte differentiation. Additionally, each individual differentiation marker that was assayed has a different specificity for the coactivators that regulate its expression

An interactionist framework for understanding the acceptance, rejection and use of health and care technologies

My research makes an empirically informed, theoretical contribution to understanding how health and care technologies are accepted, rejected and used by older people and stroke survivors. Current research on health and care technologies such as telecare and telerehabilitation systems has not tended to investigate questions such as what the technologies mean to users, how users appropriate and interact with the technologies on a daily basis, and the significance that these technologies can have within the context of users' everyday lives. Drawing on key concepts from structural symbolic interactionism, the life course perspective and the domestication framework, my research explores the relationships between users and technologies in contexts. These relationships are negotiated through interaction, are meaningful and unfold over time as individuals navigate the life course. A collective case study research design is adopted focusing on how users appropriate and interact with telecare and telerehabilitation systems. Two cases are supported by data from qualitative interviews with older people (n=19) and stroke survivors (n=4), respectively. Data analysis is conducted in light of an analytical framework, which draws attention to users' interpretations of the technologies, and the processes of meaning making and social interaction. These processes shape a technology's acceptance, rejection and use. Findings suggest that individuals interpret health and care technologies in different ways and that meaning is constructed through processes of appropriation and interaction. It is through interaction, with technologies and with others, that meanings are negotiated. These meanings are shaped by individuals' identities and roles, and their agency and capacity to participate in situated action. I contribute an interactionist framework that conceptualises these complex relationships. The framework provides a means of exploring and understanding the acceptance, rejection and use of health and care technologies that does not under- or over-play individual agency or the affordances and 'scripts' of these technologies

Visual Earth observation performance in the space environment. Human performance measurement 4: Flight experiments

A wide variety of secondary payloads have flown on the Space Transportation System (STS) since its first flight in the 1980's. These experiments have typically addressed specific issues unique to the zero-gravity environment. Additionally, the experiments use the experience and skills of the mission and payload specialist crew members to facilitate data collection and ensure successful completion. This paper presents the results of the Terra Scout experiment, which flew aboard STS-44 in November 1991. This unique Earth Observation experiment specifically required a career imagery analyst to operate the Spaceborne Direct-View Optical System (SpaDVOS), a folded optical path telescope system designed to mount inside the shuttle on the overhead aft flight deck windows. Binoculars and a small telescope were used as backup optics. Using his imagery background, coupled with extensive target and equipment training, the payload specialist was tasked with documenting the following: (1) the utility of the equipment; (2) his ability to acquire and track ground targets; (3) the level of detail he could discern; (4) the atmospheric conditions; and (5) other in-situ elements which contributed to or detracted from his ability to analyze targets. Special emphasis was placed on the utility of a manned platform for research and development of future spaceborne sensors. The results and lessons learned from Terra Scout will be addressed including human performance and equipment design issues

Paying clinicians to join clinical trials : a review of guidelines and interview study of trialists

Background: The motivations of clinicians to participate in clinical trials have been little studied. This project explored the potential role of payment for participation in publicly funded clinical trials in the UK. The aims were to review relevant guidelines and to collate and analyse views of clinical trialists on the role of payments and other factors that motivated clinicians to join clinical trials. Methods: Review of guidelines governing payments to clinicians for recruitment to trials. Semistructured interviews with a range of NHS clinical trial leaders, analysed using qualititative methods. Results: While UK guidelines had little to say specifically on payments linked to recruitment, all payments have become highly regulated and increasingly transparent. Interview participants believed that expenses arising from research should be covered. Payments in excess of expenses were seen as likely to increase participation but with the risk of reducing quality. Motivations such as interest in the topic, the scope for patients to benefit and intellectual curiosity were considered more important. Barriers to involvement included bureaucracy and lack of time. Discussion: Limited scope exists for paying clinicians over-and-above the cost of their time to be involved in research. Most trialists favour full payment of all expenses related to research. Conclusion: Payment of clinicians beyond expenses is perceived to be a less important motivating factor than researching important, salient questions, and facilitating research by reducing bureaucracy and delay

Survey to explore understanding of the principles of aseptic technique: Qualitative content analysis with descriptive analysis of confidence and training

BACKGROUND: In many countries, aseptic procedures are undertaken by nurses in the general ward setting, but variation in practice has been reported, and evidence indicates that the principles underpinning aseptic technique are not well understood. METHODS: A survey was conducted, employing a brief, purpose-designed, self-reported questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 72%. Of those responding, 65% of nurses described aseptic technique in terms of the procedure used to undertake it, and 46% understood the principles of asepsis. The related concepts of cleanliness and sterilization were frequently confused with one another. Additionally, 72% reported that they not had received training for at least 5 years; 92% were confident of their ability to apply aseptic technique; and 90% reported that they had not been reassessed since their initial training. Qualitative analysis confirmed a lack of clarity about the meaning of aseptic technique. CONCLUSION: Nurses' understanding of aseptic technique and the concepts of sterility and cleanliness is inadequate, a finding in line with results of previous studies. This knowledge gap potentially places patients at risk. Nurses' understanding of the principles of asepsis could be improved. Further studies should establish the generalizability of the study findings. Possible improvements include renewed emphasis during initial nurse education, greater opportunity for updating knowledge and skills post-qualification, and audit of practice

A One-Step Strategy for End-Functionalized Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers

A modular and robust method for preparing end-functionalized donor–acceptor (D–A) narrow bandgap conjugated polymers is reported that avoids multistep reactions and postpolymerization modification. The strategy is well-controlled and affords functional materials with predictable molecular weight and high end-group fidelity. To exemplify this synthetic strategy, narrow bandgap conjugated polymers based on PDPP2FT were prepared that contain perylene diimide (PDI) units at the chain-ends. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the high degree of chain-end functionalization while photoluminescence studies reveal the unique photophysical properties of the end-functional polymers with efficient charge transfer occurring between the main polymer chain and PDI end-groups that results exclusively from their covalent linkage

Zoning for local heat and energy efficiency strategies

Any plan to decarbonise heat will need plenty of input from those familiar with Scotland’s diverse urban, rural and social geography. The Scottish Government is helping local authorities pilot an ambitious approach to local heat planning which, if done right, could provide the blueprint for low-carbon heat industries to flourish. So how are these plans shaping up, what benefits might they provide and will they really work for the industry