Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on gene expression profiles in the liver of schizophrenia subjects

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although much progress has been made on antipsychotic drug development, precise mechanisms behind the action of typical and atypical antipsychotics are poorly understood.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed genome-wide expression profiling to study effects of typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics in the postmortem liver of schizophrenia patients using microarrays (Affymetrix U133 plus2.0). We classified the subjects into typical antipsychotics (n = 24) or atypical antipsychotics (n = 26) based on their medication history, and compared gene expression profiles with unaffected controls (n = 34). We further analyzed individual antipsychotic effects on gene expression by sub-classifying the subjects into four major antipsychotic groups including haloperidol, phenothiazines, olanzapine and risperidone.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Typical antipsychotics affected genes associated with nuclear protein, stress responses and phosphorylation, whereas atypical antipsychotics affected genes associated with golgi/endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm transport. Comparison between typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics further identified genes associated with lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Analyses on individual antipsychotics revealed a set of genes (151 transcripts, FDR adjusted p < 0.05) that are differentially regulated by four antipsychotics, particularly by phenothiazines, in the liver of schizophrenia patients.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics affect different genes and biological function in the liver. Typical antipsychotic phenothiazines exert robust effects on gene expression in the liver that may lead to liver toxicity. The genes found in the current study may benefit antipsychotic drug development with better therapeutic and side effect profiles.</p

Two new species of Dacampia (Ascomycota, Dacampiaceae), with a key to and synopsis of the known species of the genus

Two new lichenicolous fungi in the genus Dacampia are described: D. muralicola sp. nov. from the apothecia of Protoparmeliopsis muralis (syn. Lecanora muralis) in Turkey, and D. rhizocarpicola sp. nov. from thalli of Rhizocarpon obscuratum in the UK. The new species differ from those previously recognized in the genus in the size and septation of the ascospores, as well as in occurring on unrelated hosts. A new combination D. leptogiicola comb. nov. (syn. Pleospora leptogiicola) is also made. A key to the seven accepted species of Dacampia is presented, along with line drawings of their ascospores

Phylogenetic relations of Rhizoplaca Zopf. from anatolia inferred from ITS sequence data

Like many lichen-forming fungi, species of the genus Rhizoplaca have wide geographical distributions, but studies of their genetic variability are limited. The information about the ITS rDNA sequences of three species of Rhizoplaca from Anatolia was generated and aligned with other species from other countries and also with the data belonging to Lecanora species. The examined species were collected from the volcanic rocks of Mount Erciyes which is located in the middle of Anatolia (Turkey). The sequence data aligned with eight other samples of Rhizoplaca and six different species of Lecanora were obtained from GenBank. The results support the concept maintained by Arup and Grube (2000) that Rhizoplaca may not be a genus separate from Lecanora. According to the phylogenetic tree, Rhizoplaca melanopthalma from Turkey with two different samples of R. melanopthalma from Arizona (AF159929, AF159934) and a sample from Austria formed a group under the same branch. R. peltata and R. chrysoleuca samples from Anatolia located in two other branches of the tree formed sister groups with the samples of the same species from different countries. Although R. peltata remained on the same branch with other samples of the same species from other countries it was placed in a different branch within the group. When the three species from Anatolia were considered alone, it was noticed that Rhizoplaca melanopthalma and Rhizoplaca peltata are phylogenetically closer to each other than Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca; the morphological characteristics also support this result. © 2006 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.8, 171, 61 Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: 2004-07-05-093 Ankara UniversitesiThis study was supported by Ankara University, Management of Scientific Research Projects (no. 2004-07-05-093) and also by Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute (project no. 171 and partially projects nos. 61 and 8). Finally authors the are thankful to Prof. Dr. Ender Yurdakulol for his support in every aspect of the study

New and interesting lichenicolous fungi records from Turkey

Twenty-four lichenicolous fungi are reported from Turkey, of which 12 are first records for the country. Full details of the host lichens and collection sites are provided together with notes on the hosts and characters of the fungi where these are new or extend information about the species

Pertusaria paramerae (Pertusariales, Ascomycota), a species with variable secondary chemistry, and a new lichen record for Turkey

We report a new chemotype of the crustose lichen Pertusaria paramerae A.Crespo & Vezda from a specimen collected in Turkey. Mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU) sequences of P. paramerae collections from Spain, the country of the species' original description, and a specimen from Turkey are 100% identical. We present a phylogeny based on mtSSU rDNA that confirms the placement of Pertusaria paramerae in the Pertusaria s.str. group. HPLC analyses suggest the presence of 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid (major), thiophaninic acid (minor), and 2,4-dichloronorlichexanthone (trace) in the specimen collected in Turkey, and planaic acid (major), thiophaninic acid (minor), atranorin (trace), and an unidentified compound (trace) in a specimen collected in Spain. We propose that replacement of planaic acid by the structurally similar 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid and presence or absence of trace compounds are chemosyndromic variations that do not warrant recognition of a new species. We provide illustrations of morphological and micromorphological characters of P. paramerae

Role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of amiodarone

In many physiological bodily functions, and in the pathogenesis of inflammation, ions are exchanged between intracellular and extracellular areas. Amiodarone is a multiple ion channel (Ca++, Na+,K+) blocking drug, effective anti-arrhymic drug, and phospholipase inhibitor. The aim of this study is to examine a role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in amiodarone's anti-inflammatory effect on experimental paw inflammation. After rats had been assigned to groups, their normal right hind paw volumes were measured using a plethysmometer. Amiodarone (25, 50 and 100, mg/kg) and distilled water were administrated to the experimental and control groups, respectively, by ip route. Thirty minutes later, paw edema was induced in rats by subplantar injection of 0.1 ml of histamine (0.1%) to those paws. Subsequent volume readings for those paws were carried out at 30-min intervals. Results were expressed as percentages of change from the initial volumes. After the final measurements, the animals were killed by decapitation and their paw tissues were cut for pathological investigation. Amiodarone dose-dependently decreased the paw edema (25.05, 48.71 and 74.97%), and reduced polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the paw tissue (55.65, 69.76 and 84.58%). Our findings support the view that amiodarone dose-dependently exerts a powerful anti-inflammatory activity. This effect of amiodarone may be due to the activation of nitric oxide resulting from its calcium channel antagonistic effects, to the inhibition of phospholipase A2 and/or to a reduction in neutrophil movement and activation, which may reduce free radical production and proteolytic enzyme release. Copyright © 2007 by Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences

Effects of diabetes and ovariectomy on rat hippocampus (A biochemical and stereological study)

PubMed: 21823905Oxidative stress is one of the main reasons of both menopause and diabetes. So, it plays crucial role in the pathogeneses of that condition and disease. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of menopause and diabetes upon the hippocampus using a rat model. Adult female Sprague Dawley rats (n=24) were allocated randomly as follows; control (C group) ovariectomized (O group), diabetic (D group) and ovariectomy plus diabetic groups (DO group) (n=6; in each group), respectively. For evaluating the results, tissue biochemistry and stereological analysis were made. Biochemistry results (lipid peroxidase (LPO); catalase (CAT); superoxide dismutase (SOD); total glutatyon (GSH); and myeloperoxidase (MPO) values) in Group C-DO were determined as 12.27, 21.88, 23.08 and 29.90 nmol/gr tissue; 59.3, 70.06, 69.7 and 78.1 mmol/min/mg tissue; 174.2, 156.4, 159.7 and 154.6 mmol/min/mg tissue; 3.63, 3.61, 4.21 and 3.97 nmol/mg tissue; and 5.05, 5.68, 5.58 and 6.19 mol/min/mg tissue, respectively. Moreover, both menopause and diabetes led to change of lipid profiles. There were significant differences between the control and other groups (Group C and D-DO) (p0.05). At this point, we suggested that diabetes could aggravate deleterious effects of ovariectomy. © 2012 Informa UK, Ltd

Traumatic dislocation and fracture-dislocation of the hip: A long-term follow-up study

Objective: Traumatic dislocation and fracture-dislocation of the hip is an absolute orthopedic emergency that is steadily increasing in incidence. Early recognition and prompt, stable reduction is the essence of successful management. A delay in recognition and reduction leads to preventable complications and morbidity. The purpose of this retrospective study is to identify prognostic factors that predict long-term outcome after hip dislocation

Continuous dynamic recrystallization during hot torsion of an aluminum alloy.

Most commercial aluminum alloys are characterized by dynamic recrystallization at very large deformations in a continuous manner. The present study deals with the characterization and modeling of the evolution of the microstructure of an aluminum wrought alloy at large plastic deformations. Hot torsion tests of the AA6082 aluminum alloy are carried out using the thermomechanical simulator Gleeble®3800 in a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. The use of water quenching immediately after deformation avoids any static restoration during cooling. Microstructural investigations are carried out by means of electron back scattered diffraction using a scanning electron microscope to determine the grain and subgrain structures, as well as the misorientation distributions. In-situ synchrotron radiation tests during hot torsion are used to confirm the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) by the evidence of the conversion of low angle boundaries (LAGBs) into high-angle boundaries (HAGBs) and the formation of new texture. Experimental investigations show that CDRX starts with the formation of LAGBs at low strains (center of the sample). By subsequent straining (close to the surface of the sample), the accumulation of dislocations at the LAGBs causes an increase in their misorientation until a critical value is reached and LAGBs transforms into HAGBs. The developed model consists of a microstructural model, equation rates and constitutive equations. The microstructure is described by three internal variables. Their rates are evaluated using the Kocks-Mecking model. The modelled and experimental flow stresses show softening due to the consumption of dislocations and the continuous formation of new HAGBs