The Origin of the Dust Arch in the Halo of NGC 4631: An Expanding Superbubble?

We study the nature and the origin of the dust arch in the halo of the edge-on galaxy NGC 4631 detected by Neininger & Dumke (1999). We present CO observations made using the new On-The-Fly mapping mode with the FCRAO 14m telescope, and find no evidence for CO emission associated with the dust arch. Our examination of previously published HI data shows that if previous assumptions about the dust temperature and gas/dust ratio are correct, then there must be molecular gas associated with the arch, below our detection threshold. If this is true, then the molecular mass associated with the dust arch is between 1.5 x 10^8 M(sun)and 9.7 x 10^8 M(sun), and likely towards the low end of the range. A consequence of this is that the maximum allowed value for the CO-to-H_2 conversion factor is 6.5 times the Galactic value, but most likely closer to the Galactic value. The kinematics of the HI apparently associated with the dust arch reveal that the gas here is not part of an expanding shell or outflow, but is instead two separate features (a tidal arm and a plume of HI sticking out into the halo) which are seen projected together and appear as a shell. Thus there is no connection between the dust "arch" and the hot X-ray emitting gas that appears to surround the galaxy Wang et al. (2001).Comment: 14 pages, including 4 figures. Accepted by A.J. for March 200

Rowan County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis

The results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for Interstate 64 (I-64) conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Rowan County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) are presented within this report. This report specifically focuses on the portion of the I-64 corridor located in Rowan County, Kentucky. Figure 1.1 shows the location of Rowan County in relationship to the state of Kentucky. The purpose of this report is to present information regarding the patterns of hazardous materials transportation observed along I-64 in Rowan County from June 16, 2014 through July 11, 2014. Finally, the report presents and assesses survey information that was collected from fixed facilities within Rowan County that ship and receive hazardous materials. The commodity flow analysis was necessary in order to provide the Rowan County LEPC with information about hazardous materials transport patterns so that they can better prepare for potential incidents and releases of hazardous materials along I-64. The data collected will assist in the emergency planning process by providing valuable information about frequently observed hazardous materials within the duration of the study

Montgomery County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis 1

The results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for Interstate 64 (I-64) conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Montgomery County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) are presented within this report. This report specifically focuses on the portion of the I-64 corridor located in Montgomery County, Kentucky. Figure 1.1 shows the location of Montgomery County in relationship to the state of Kentucky. The purpose of this report is to present information regarding the patterns of hazardous materials transportation along I-64 as observed from July 14, 2014 through August 1, 2014. In addition, this report also summarizes hazardous materials incidents that have occurred over the previous ten years (January 2004-2013). Finally, the report presents and assesses survey information that was collected from fixed facilities within Montgomery County that ship and receive hazardous materials. The commodity flow analysis was necessary in order to provide the Montgomery County LEPC with information about hazardous materials transport patterns so that they can better prepare for potential incidents and releases of hazardous materials along I-64. The data collected will assist in the emergency planning process by providing valuable information about frequently observed hazardous materials within the duration of the study

Madison County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis

The results of a commodity flow analysis of hazardous materials for KY Highway 21 (KY-0021) and KY Highway 627 (KY-0627) conducted by Western Kentucky University, in partnership with the Madison County Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), are presented within this report. This report specifically focuses on the portions of these highways located in Madison County, Kentucky. Figure 1.1 shows the location of Madison County in relationship to the state of Kentucky. The purpose of this report is to present information regarding the patterns of hazardous materials transportation along KY-0021 and KY-0627 as observed from August 4, 2014 through August 15, 2014. This report also provides an analysis of incidents involving hazardous materials over the period of 2005 through 2014 in Madison County. Finally, this report summarizes these observations and provides recommendations based on these observations. The commodity flow analysis was necessary in order to provide the Madison County LEPC with information about hazardous materials transport patterns so that they can better prepare for potential incidents and releases of hazardous materials along KY-0021 and KY-0627. Analysis of hazmat incidents in Madison County provided an evaluation of significant hotspots where further risk assessments should be conducted. The data collected will assist in the emergency planning process by providing valuable information about frequently observed hazardous materials within the duration of the study

Henderson County Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Study

This report presents the results of a Hazardous Materials (Hazmat) commodity flow study for Henderson County, Kentucky. Study components were conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with Henderson County Emergency Management (HCEM) and Henderson County Local Planning Committee (LEPC). Location of Henderson County and the City of Henderson in Kentucky are shown in Figure 1.1. In addition, data from an Audubon Parkway placard survey, conducted in July of 2013 for Daviess County, were used in the analysis for this report. Hazardous materials transported through Henderson County were monitored at the following sites during the study period: U.S. Highway 41 (Hwy 41), North and Southbound lanes at Audubon State Park; CSX Railroad Bridge (CSX), North and Southbound lanes at Sunset Park near the Ohio River and Downtown Henderson; U.S. Highway 60 (Hwy 60), East and Westbound lanes at Henderson Community College; Kentucky Route 136/425 (KY 136/425), East and Northbound lanes respectively at Henderson Community College; Audubon Parkway (Aud Pkwy ), East and Westbound lanes at Second Overpass East of West of Owensboro. The purpose of this report is to present information on patterns of hazardous materials commodity flow along Hwy 41, Hwy 60, ST 136/425, Audubon Parkway, and the CSX railway, as observed during the period of May 28, 2013 to August 27, 2013. This report also summarizes incidents involving hazardous materials over the previous 11 years and 8 months, November 2001 to July 2013, in Henderson County. Finally, the study assessed survey information collected from fixed facilities that shipped and received hazardous materials in Henderson County

Louisville / Jefferson County Hazardous Material Commodity Flow Analysis

This report presents the results of a Hazardous Material Commodity Flow Analysis for the Louisville Metro area and Jefferson County. Study components were conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with Louisville / Jefferson County Emergency Management Agency. The study area was focused in Louisville and Jefferson County, Louisville Metro area, and included monitoring in Bullet County and Oldham County, as shown in Figure 1.1. As part of the study, hazardous material transport was monitored at the following sites: Interstate-64 (I-64), East and West bound lanes at The Belvedere; I-64, East and West bound lanes at Blankenbaker exit location; Interstate-65 (I-65, North and South bound lanes at the Jewish Hospital; I-65, North and South bound lanes at Brooks, KY exit location; Interstate-71 (I-71), North and South bound lanes at Oldham County rest areas; Hwy 841, North and South bound Lanes at Westport Road. The purpose of this report is to present information on patterns of hazardous material commodity flow along I-64, I-65, I-71 and Highway 841, as observed from June 11, 2012 to August 2, 2012. This report also summarizes incidents involving hazardous materials over the previous 3 years, August 2008 to June 2011, in the Louisville Metro area. Finally, this report assesses survey information collected from fixed facilities that ship and receive hazardous materials in the Louisville Metro Area

Signature of strong atom-cavity interaction on critical coupling

We study a critically coupled cavity doped with resonant atoms with metamaterial slabs as mirrors. We show how resonant atom-cavity interaction can lead to a splitting of the critical coupling dip. The results are explained in terms of the frequency and lifetime splitting of the coupled system.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Warren County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis

This report presents the results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for I-65 and the William H. Natcher Parkway conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Warren County (Kentucky) Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). Kentucky counties within the study area include Warren, Simpson, Edmonson, Butler, Barren, and Hart. Figure 1 shows the sections of I-65 and Natcher Parkway that run through these counties. The purpose of our report is to give information on patterns of hazardous materials being transported along I-65 and Natcher Parkway as observed from May 24th 2010 to June 18th 2010. A secondary purpose is to summarize incidents involving hazardous materials over the previous ten years (January 2001-2009). Finally, this report assesses survey information collected from fixed facilities that ship and receive hazardous materials in the I-65 and Natcher Parkway corridors. Commodity flow analysis is necessary in order for the LEPC to prepare for future hazardous material releases that may occur along this section of I-65 and Natcher Parkway. Data collected from this study will aid the emergency planning process for specific hazardous materials that were observed to frequent the study area during the study period

Madison County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis

This report presents the results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for Interstate-75 (I-75) (North and South Bound lanes) conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Madison County (Kentucky) Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). The only Kentucky County within the study area is Madison County as shown in Figure 1.1. The purpose of report is to give information on patterns of hazardous materials being transported along I-75 as observed from July 25th 2011 to August 5th 2011. A secondary purpose is to summarize incidents involving hazardous materials over the previous 6 years (January 2006 – June 2011). Finally, this report assesses survey information collected from fixed facilities that ship and receive hazardous materials in the I-75 highway. Commodity flow analysis is necessary in order for the LEPC to prepare for future hazardous material releases that may occur along this section of I-75. Data collected from this study will aid the emergency planning process for specific hazardous materials that were observed to frequent the study area during the study period

Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies -- an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES) -- II: First Results on NGC 4631

We present the first results from the CHANG-ES survey, a new survey of 35 edge-on galaxies to search for both in-disk as well as extra-planar radio continuum emission. The motivation and science case for the survey are presented in a companion paper (Paper I). In this paper (Paper II), we outline the observations and data reduction steps required for wide-band calibration and mapping of EVLA data, including polarization, based on C-array test observations of NGC 4631. With modest on-source observing times (30 minutes at 1.5 GHz and 75 minutes at 6 GHz for the test data) we have achieved best rms noise levels of 22 and 3.5 $\mu$Jy beam$^{-1}$ at 1.5 GHz and 6 GHz, respectively. New disk-halo features have been detected, among them two at 1.5 GHz that appear as loops in projection. We present the first 1.5 GHz spectral index map of NGC 4631 to be formed from a single wide-band observation in a single array configuration. This map represents tangent slopes to the intensities within the band centered at 1.5 GHz, rather than fits across widely separated frequencies as has been done in the past and is also the highest spatial resolution spectral index map yet presented for this galaxy. The average spectral index in the disk is $\bar\alpha_{1.5 GHz}\,=\,-0.84\,\pm\,0.05$ indicating that the emission is largely non-thermal, but a small global thermal contribution is sufficient to explain a positive curvature term in the spectral index over the band. Two specific star forming regions have spectral indices that are consistent with thermal emission. Polarization results (uncorrected for internal Faraday rotation) are consistent with previous observations and also reveal some new features. On broad scales, we find strong support for the notion that magnetic fields constrain the X-ray emitting hot gas.Comment: Accepted to the Astronomical Journal, Version 2 changes: Added acknowledgement to NRA