The Political Economy of Shadow Banking: Debt, Finance, and Distributive Politics Under a Kalecki-Goodwin-Minsky SFC Framework

This paper describes the political economy of shadow banking and how it relates to the dramatic institutional changes experienced by global capitalism over past 100 years. We suggest that the dynamics of shadow banking rest on the distributive tension between workers and firms. Politics wedge the operation of the shadow financial system as government policy internalizes, guides, and participates in dealings mediated by financial intermediaries. We propose a broad theoretical overview to formalize a stock-flow consistent (SFC) political economy model of shadow banking (stylized around the operation of money market mutual funds, or MMMFs). Preliminary simulations suggest that distributive dynamics indeed drive and provide a nest for the dynamics of shadow banking

Patulin and ochratoxin A co-occurrence and their bioaccessibility in processed cereal-based foods: a contribution for Portuguese children risk assessment

Patulin (PAT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are well known enteropathogenic mycotoxins that are present in several foodstuffs. Processed cereal-based foods are among the first solid foods eaten by children, a particularly vulnerable population group. There is a lack of knowledge related to the co-occurrence of PAT and OTA in food intended for children consumption and their potential interactions during the digestion process. The present study aims to evaluate, for the first time, the co-occurrence of PAT and OTA in processed cereal-based foods for children consumption, the bioaccessibility of these two mycotoxins, and the contribution of the bioaccessibility data for human health risk assessment. PAT and OTA incidence were 75% and 50%, respectively. These mycotoxins co-occurred in 40% of analysed samples. Bioaccessibility assays revealed mean values of 52% and 56% for PAT, alone and combined with OTA; and 100% and 106% for OTA, alone and combined with PAT. Considering the human health risk assessment, and taking into account the co-occurrence and the bioaccessibility results, this study indicates a tolerable exposure to these mycotoxins representing a low risk for Portuguese children. The present work reinforces the importance of a holistic approach for risk assessment which gathers data from occurrence, exposure and bioaccessibility.This research was supported by the project MYCOMIX (PTDC/DTP-FTO/0417/2012) and through CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2013) both funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal. The authors would like to thanks to COST action FA1005 INFOGEST for the support and training in standardised static in vitro digestion method and to Dr. Elsa Vasco for advice and support regarding children food consumption.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mycotoxins and applicability of in vitro methods of digestion and absorption assessment – the patulin case study

Mycotoxins are a wide group of fungal secondary metabolites that exert multiple toxic effects on humans and animals1. Patulin, a mycotoxin with significant public health risk, is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by a wide range of fungal species growing on rotten fruit2. In human health risk assessment, ingestion of food is considered a major route of exposure to many contaminants, although the total amount of an ingested contaminant does not always reflect the amount that is available to the body and exert its toxic effects3. In this study, two in vitro methods were applied to evaluate the bioaccessibility of patulin at different experimental conditions and the intestinal membrane integrity of Caco-2 cells exposed to patulin and cysteine (antioxidant) protective effects. Seven artificially contaminated fruit juices were assayed in the presence or absence of a standard meal showing a significant difference (p=0.001) for bioaccessibility values between contaminated samples alone and combinations with a standard meal4. Different concentrations of patulin and cysteine were assayed in a Caco-2 cells monolayers. At 95 µM, patulin produced a dramatic decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance. This effect was significantly (p=0.016) reduced when 400 µM and 4000 µM of cysteine was added to the cells4. The combination of in vitro digestion models with other techniques using intestinal cell lines offer a more complete picture of what is happening in the digestion and absorption process, as well as the study of beneficial effects of protective agents.FC

Persistence and survival of Campylobacter in turkey and poultry meat after chilling process at slaughterhouse and after refrigerated or frozen storage.

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