1,209 research outputs found

    Does Inflation Targeting decrease Exchange Rate Pass-through in Emerging Countries?

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    In this paper, we empirically examine the effect of inflation targeting on the exchange rate pass-through to prices in emerging countries. We use a panel VAR that allows us to use a large dataset on twenty-seven emerging countries (fifteen inflation targeters and twelve inflation nontargeters). Our evidence suggests that inflation targeting in emerging countries contributed to a reduction in the pass-through to various price indexes (import prices, producer prices and consumer prices) from a higher level to a new level that is significantly different from zero. The variance decomposition shows that the contribution of exchange rate shocks to price fluctuations is more important in emerging targeters compared to nontargeters, and the contribution of exchange rate shocks to price fluctuations in emerging targeters declines after adopting inflation targeting.Inflation Targeting, Exchange Rate Pass-Through, panel VAR.

    Farmers’ Perceptions and Willingness to Pay for Metarhizium-based Biopesticide to Control Cotton Bollworms in Benin (West Africa)

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    The study assesses farmers’ perceptions and willingness to pay for a biopesticide developed from Metarhizium anisopliae a fungi. A sample of 400 conventional and organic cotton producers was randomly selected in cotton producing zones in Benin and interviewed for their perceptions on the efficacy of the biopesticide and the likely prices they are willing to pay for the product to control a major pest like Helicoverpa armigera or cotton bollworm causing substantial crop losses. An econometric model (Logit) is used to identify factors highly likely to affect farmer’s willingness to purchase the product. The results show that Helicoverpa armigera or cotton bollworm is perceived by farmers as the most severe pest with losses reaching up to 100%. Farmers attribute the current pest intensity to a number of factors including ineffectiveness of chemical pesticides, delay in access to input mainly fertilizers and the development of refuge host plants for cotton pests. The results also show that most cotton producers and their households members are exposed to chemical insecticides without adequate protection devices during the pest control sprays. Both organic and conventional cotton producers have expressed a significant interest in the use of Metarhizium to control Helicoverpa on cotton. Both types of farmers willing to pay more for any pest control product that would improve cotton product quality for higher cotton price. Three variables influencing farmers’ willing to pay for biopesticides from Metarhizium were efficacy, agro-ecological zone and broad spectrum.Biopesticides, Cotton bollworms, farmers survey, Benin, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

    Evaluation de l’effet repulsif d’extraits de neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., 1830) sur le charançon de la patate douce (Cylas puncticollis Boheman, 1833) en condition de laboratoire a Korhogo, nord de la Cote d’Ivoire

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    Une stratĂ©gie de gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des insectes nuisibles Ă  la culture de la patate douce a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©e pour rĂ©duire les pertes dues Ă  ceux-ci. Ainsi, les propriĂ©tĂ©s rĂ©pulsives des extraits de feuilles et d’amandes de neem ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es sur Cylas puncticollis, un charançon de la patate douce. Pour ce faire, quatre concentrations d’extraits ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©es Ă  raison de quatre rĂ©pĂ©titions par concentration. Le test a consistĂ© Ă  la dĂ©termination du pourcentage de charançons prĂ©sents dans la zone traitĂ©e. Chacune des concentrations d’extraits a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur la moitiĂ© d’un papier buvard placĂ© dans une boite de PĂ©tri de 9 cm de diamĂštre et sur lequel 10 charançons ont Ă©tĂ© posĂ©s. Les effets rĂ©pulsifs des extraits ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă  ceux d’un insecticide chimique et l’eau distillĂ©e. Le test avec 20 cL/L d’extraits de feuilles a causĂ© 85 % de rĂ©pulsion contre 45 % pour les amandes Ă  25 g/L. Les extraits ont significativement causĂ© plus de rĂ©pulsion que l’eau distillĂ©e et l’insecticide chimique. Les tests ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un potentiel plus rĂ©pulsif des extraits de feuilles comparĂ© Ă  celui des amandes. Les extraits de neem pourraient constituer une alternative crĂ©dible Ă  la lutte chimique pour la protection de la patate douce contre ce charançon. English title: Evaluation of the repellent effect of neem extracts (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., 1830) on the sweet potato weevil (Cylas puncticollis Boheman, 1833) under laboratory conditions in Korhogo, northern CĂŽte d’Ivoire Abstract An integrated pest management strategy for sweet potatoes has been developed to reduce pest losses. Thus, the repellent properties of neem leaf and kernel extracts were evaluated on Cylas puncticollis, a sweet potato weevil. For this purpose, four concentrations of extracts were prepared with four replicates per concentration. The test consisted of determining the percentage of weevils in the treated area. Each of the extract concentrations was applied to half of a blotting paper placed in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes on which 10 weevils were placed. The repellent effects of the extracts were compared to those of a chemical insecticide and distilled water. Test with 20 cL/L leaf extract caused 85% repellence compared to 45% for almonds at 25 g/L. Compared to the chemical insecticide and distilled water, the extracts caused significantly more repellence. The tests revealed a higher repellent potential of the leaf extracts compared to those of almonds. Neem extracts could be a credible alternative to chemical control for the protection of sweet potato against this weevil. Keywords: Neem extracts, Repellent effect, Sweet potato, Cylas puncticolli

    Potentiel mellifere de la flore du centre-est de la Cote d’Ivoire : Interet pour l’apiculture moderne

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    Le miel, produit par l’abeille mellifĂšre (Apis mellifera L.), fait partie des aliments les plus anciens de l’humanitĂ©. Il est trĂšs largement connu et consommĂ©. Cependant, l’apiculture moderne est rĂ©cente et mal connue en Afrique en gĂ©nĂ©ral et en CĂŽte d’Ivoire en particulier. Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  Ă©valuer les atouts floristiques pour une orientation efficiente des pratiques apicoles au Centre-est de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es dans le dĂ©partement de Dimbokro Ă  l’aide d’inventaires floristiques et d’observations mensuelles de l’activitĂ© de butinage des abeilles durant 12 mois. Ainsi, 128 espĂšces mellifĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©es. La majoritĂ© de ces espĂšces (87 p.c.) prĂ©sente un seul cycle annuel de floraison, tandis que 57 p.c. fleurissent durant au moins 3 mois d’affilĂ©e par an. La flore mellifĂšre est composĂ©e 45 p.c. d’espĂšces exclusivement nectarifĂšres, 22 p.c. d’espĂšces uniquement pollinifĂšres et 31 p.c. d’espĂšces Ă  la fois nectarifĂšres et pollinifĂšres. Par ailleurs, 57 p.c. de ces plantes sont intensĂ©ment butinĂ©s par les abeilles et 48 p.c. prĂ©sentent une haute valeur mellifĂšre. LesrĂ©sultats prouvent que l’apiculture moderne peut aisĂ©ment ĂȘtre pratiquĂ©e dans la zone d’étude. Toutefois, un rapprochement des plantes mellifĂšres des ruches pourrait permettre d’amĂ©liorer le rendement apicole.Mots clĂ©s : Flore mellifĂšre, Apiculture, Miel, Dimbokro  English Title: Melliferous potential of the flora of central-east of Cote d’Ivoire : interest for modern beekeepingHoney, produced by the bee (Apis mellifera L.), is one of the oldest foods of humanity. He is very widely known and consumed. However, modern beekeeping is recent and poorly known in Africa in general and in CĂŽted’Ivoire in particular. This study aims to evaluate the floristic assets in order to an efficient orientation of beekeeping practices in the Central-East of CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Data were collected in the Dimbokro Department using floristic inventory and monthly observations of bees harvesting activity for 12 months. Thus, 128 melliferous species have been identified. The majority of these species (87%) have a single annual flowering cycle, while 57% flower for at least 3 months of flowering per year. The melliferous flora is composed of 45% exclusively nectariferous species, 22% only  polleniferous species and 31 species of both nectariferous and polleniferous species. In addition, 57% of these plants are intensely foraged by the bees and 48% have a high honey value. The results show that modern beekeeping can easily be practiced in the study area. However, an approximation of the melliferous plants of the hives could allow to improve the beekeeping yield.Keywords: Melliferous flora, Beekeeping, Honey, Dimbokro

    Evaluation De La Toxicite Aigue De Boerhavia Diffusa Chez La Souris

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    Une enquête ethnopharmacologique en pays Krobou a révélé que Boerhavia diffusa, est une herbe, sollicitée en médecine traditionnelle, pour traiter le diabète et diverses autres pathologies. Ce travail a pour but de déterminer les paramètres toxicologiques du décocté aqueux des tiges feuillées de la plante, en vuede parvenir à contrôler la posologie et prévenir les cas d'intoxications. La toxicité aiguë a été évaluée, en administrant, par voie orale, à des souris, des doses croissantes d'extrait brut (1 200 à 6 000 mg kg-1 de poids corporel). L'administration orale du phytomédicament, à différentes doses, a entraîné certains signes cliniques tels que : manque d'appétit, difficultés motrices et dyspnée. Les valeurs des paramètres toxicologiques obtenues ont été les suivants: dose maximale tolérée, DMT (1 200 mg kg-1 p.c./vo), dose létale 50 %, DL50 (2749,4 mg kg-1 p.c./vo) et dose létale 100 %, DL100 (6 000 mg kg-1 p.c./vo). La DMT a été nettement supérieure à 44,57 mg kg-1 p.c./vo, la dose quotidienne recommandée par les tradithérapeutes. Ainsi, l'etude montre clairement que le phytomédicament n'est pas toxique, justifiant l'usage de la plante dans les conditions traditionnelles de préparation et d'administration orale.Mots clés: DMT, DL50, DL100, phytomédicament, tradithérapeutes, paramètres toxicologiques.An ethnopharmacological investigation conducted among Krobou people revealed that Boerhavia diffusa, is an herb used in a wide range of traditional medicine to cure various diseases. This work is aimed to determine the toxicological parameters of the stem-leaves aqueous decoction of the plant, in order to control posology and prevent intoxication. The acute toxicity of the stem-leaves aqueous decoction from Boerhavia diffusa was assessed after a process consisting in giving orally, to mice, the crude decoction at increasing doses ranging from 1 200 to 6 000 mg kg-1 of body weight (b.w.). The use of herbal medicine, through oral route (or), can induce some clinical signs such as: lack of appetite, motor problems and dyspnea). The toxicological parameters had the following characteristics : tolerated maximal dose, TMD (1 200 mg kg-1 b.w./or), lethal dose for 50 %, LD50 (2 749, 4 mg kg-1 b.w./or) and lethal dose for 100 % or LD100 (6 000 mg/kg b.w./or). The TMD has been by far higher than 44.57 mg kg-1 b.w./or, daily dose traditional healers recommended. Therefore, the dosage prescribed by traditional healers was not found to be not toxic, justifying the use of the plant in traditional conditions of preparation for oral administration

    Amelioration de la viscosite et de la densite energetique des bouillies infantiles preparees a partir de farines composees a base de riz, de niebe, de soja et d’arachide

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    L’aliment de complĂ©ment de la majoritĂ© des enfants maliens est la bouillie des cĂ©rĂ©ales dont la viscositĂ© est trĂšs Ă©levĂ©e pour les enfants ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  9 mois. Leur densitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique infĂ©rieure Ă  celle du lait maternelle (70 Kcal/100 ml) variait entre 35 Ă  45 kcal/100 ml (Bauer et al., 1997). Pour faciliter leur dĂ©glutition et amĂ©liorer la densitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique, la nĂ©cessitĂ© de les liquĂ©fier par l’utilisation de source d’amylase s’impose (TrĂšche 1995, RĂ©seau TPA, 1998). Les farines de complĂ©ment ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es Ă  partir du riz NERICA 4 auquel l’arachide, le niĂ©bĂ©, le soja, le pain de singe ont Ă©tĂ© incorporĂ©s suivant la formule souhaitĂ©e. La farine de riz a Ă©tĂ© obtenue aprĂšs mouture du riz NERICA 4 blanchi. Les graines de soja et celles d’arachide ont Ă©tĂ© torrĂ©fiĂ©es sĂ©parĂ©ment, dĂ© pelliculĂ©es puis rĂ©duites en farine. Le niĂ©bĂ© a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©cortiquĂ©, lavĂ©, sĂ©chĂ© puis rĂ©duit en farine. Le maltage a consistĂ© respectivement Ă  tremper le riz pendant 12 heures et le mil pendant 07 heures dans l’eau tiĂšde. Les grains ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©gouttĂ©s sĂ©parĂ©ment et mis en germination dans un panier couvert pendant 3 jours au cours desquels, ils ont Ă©tĂ© arrosĂ©s matin et soir. La germination des grains est interrompue par le sĂ©chage. Les grains germĂ©s de riz et de mil ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©duits sĂ©parĂ©ment en farine (malt). Dans chaque formule, 95 % de la farine composĂ©e ont Ă©tĂ© ajoutĂ©s Ă  5 % de malt de mil ou de riz. La viscositĂ© et la densitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique des bouillies infantiles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es. La viscositĂ© de la bouillie contenant le malt de riz a Ă©tĂ© plus fluide (13 cm) que celle contenant le malt de mil (11 cm). Les densitĂ©s Ă©nergĂ©tiques des bouillies ont variĂ© de 52,19 Kcal Ă  117 Kcal/100 ml de bouillie. Les bouillies contenant le soja et le malt de riz ou de mil ont prĂ©sentĂ©s des densitĂ©s Ă©nergĂ©tiques similaires mais supĂ©rieures Ă  celles des autres bouillies. L’objectif de la recherche est de rĂ©duire la viscositĂ© des bouillies de complĂ©ment et d’amĂ©liorer leur densitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tique en vue de lutter contre la malnutrition infantile.Mots clĂ© : Riz, bouillies de complĂ©ment, malt, viscositĂ©, densitĂ© Ă©nergĂ©tiqu

    Etude contributive Ă  la connaissance des populations de simulies dans la commune de BouaflĂ©, Centre-Ouest de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire

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    AprĂšs l’arrĂȘt des activitĂ©s du programme de lutte contre l’onchocercose en Afrique de l’Ouest (OCP) en 2002, la CĂŽte d’Ivoire n’a pu conduire rĂ©guliĂšrement les activitĂ©s de lutte du fait de la crise socio-politique qui a dĂ©marrĂ© en 2002. La recolonisation abondante des cours d’eau par les simulies et son corollaire la nuisance simulidienne le long de certains bassins versants, est due au fait que de vastes rĂ©gions plus ou moins forestiĂšres n’ont jamais Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es rĂ©guliĂšrement par les insecticides contre les populations larvaires de simulies vectrices. L’objectif gĂ©nĂ©ral du travail est de contribuer Ă  la connaissance de la dynamique des populations de simulies et de la transmission de l’onchocercose en CĂŽte d’Ivoire et particuliĂšrement aux alentours du fleuve Marahoué dans la commune de BouaflĂ©. La technique de capture des simulies sur appĂąt humain a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent une forte nuisance simulidienne (117 piqĂ»res / Homme / Jour) avec un pic l’aprĂšs-midi. Les simulies capturĂ©es sont essentiellement (99,1%) des espĂšces savanicoles ; elles prĂ©sentent une grande longĂ©vité (64.44%). Du point de vue transmission, aucune simulie femelle infectĂ©e ou infectieuse n’a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©celĂ©e pendant la durĂ©e de l’étude.Mots clĂ©s : Onchocercose, espĂšces savanicoles, dynamique de populations, nuisance simulidienne, transmission

    Characterization of maize producing households in the dry savanna of Mali

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    Maize is one of the three most important staple foods in Mali. Zones in the country with high potential for producing maize are limited to areas where the probability of drought risk is between 20 and 40%, meaning that recurring droughts have long handicapped maize production. In an attempt to alleviate drought stress on maize production, a household survey was conducted in the two Local Government Areas of Bougouni and Koutiala, both in the Sikasso Region, during the 2007/2008 production period. These two districts were selected following an environmental characterization of drought zones in Mali. The survey was mainly oriented towards maize based farming systems. Six sample villages were selected within each of the two districts. The sample population was defined as maize farming households. A total of 150 households were randomly selected and interviewed with structured questionnaires. Interviews were conducted by trained enumerators using a formal household survey. The purpose of the study is to provide both quantitative and qualitative feedback from farmers to researchers and to the B&MGF on the impact that improved maize varieties developed in the past have had upon the livelihoods of households and to provide a detailed database for the projection of expected outcomes with the deployment of new drought tolerant maize varieties under the B&MGF drought tolerant maize project. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to extract from our set of variables those orthogonal linear combinations of the variables that best captured the common information. Most successful was the one proposed by Filmer and Pritchett (1998; 2001) called the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). To assess the variables affecting the adoption of improved maize varieties, the Tobit model was used. The results show that 99% of household heads are male. The size of a household is 22 persons, on average. About 47% of the household’s members are available for farm work. About 59% of household heads are illiterate, an important factor concerning the adoption of new technology. These household heads make decisions about 84% of farming activities; 86% of the households involved in the study belonged to at least one farmers’ organization in order to have easy access to inputs
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