Spatial distribution of bacteria associated with the marine sponge Tethya californiana

Microbial diversity and spatial distribution of the diversity within tissue of the marine sponge Tethya californiana was analyzed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. One candidate division and nine bacterial phyla were detected, including members of all five subdivisions of Proteobacteria. Moreover, chloroplast-derived Stramenopiles- and Rhodophyta-affiliated 16S rRNA gene sequences were found and Stramenopiles represented the most abundant clones (30%) in the clone library. On the phylum-level, the microbial fingerprint of T. californiana showed a similar pattern as its Mediterranean relative T. aurantium. An interesting difference was that Cyanobacteria that were abundantly present in T. aurantium were not found in T. californiana, but that the latter sponges harbored phototrophic Stramenopiles instead. Surprisingly, the phototrophic microorganisms were evenly distributed over the inner and outer parts of the sponge tissue, which implies that they also reside in regions without direct light exposure. The other phyla were also present in both the outer cortex and the mesohyl of the sponges. These results were confirmed by analysis on the operational taxonomic unit level. This leads to the conclusion that from a qualitative point of view, spatial distribution of microorganisms in T. californiana tissue is quite homogeneous. Thirty-two percent of the operational taxonomic units shared less than 95% similarity with any other known sequence. This indicates that marine sponges are a rich source of previously undetected microbial lif

Improvement of IRI B0, B1 and D1 at mid-latitude using MARP

Comparative analysis of predicted parameters B0, B1 and D1 by IRI-2001model (International Reference Ionosphere) and those obtained from the Monthly Averaged Representative Profiles (MARP) at mid-latitude station shows significant disagreement. The linear coefficient of determination between the model-predicted and expected (MARP) values are about R 2 ∼ 0.45, 0.22, and 0.15 for B0, B1 and D1, respectively. A Local Model (LM) created using a general least-square fit to a harmonic function of these parameters obtained by MARP simulating the diurnal, semidiurnal and seasonal variations improves the linear coefficient of determination between the expected and IRI-predicted parameters by factor of two. The coefficients obtained from this model could be implemented into the IRI software to improve calculations of the parameters B0, B1 and D1.Fil: Blanch, E.. Universitat Ramon Llull; EspañaFil: Arrazola, D.. Universitat Ramon Llull; EspañaFil: Altadill, D.. Universitat Ramon Llull; EspañaFil: Buresova, D.. Academy Of Sciences Of The Czech Republic. Institute Of Atmospheric Physics; República ChecaFil: Mosert, Marta Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito". Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito". Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito"; Argentin

EFFECTS OF BALANCING HAMSTRING AND QUADRICEPS MUSCLE TORQUE ON RUNNING TECHNIQUE

It has been suggested that balancing the isokinetic strength of quadriceps (Q) and hamstring (H) muscles can reduce hamstring injuries during running (Croisier et al 2008). The efficacy of this type of intervention has been previously explored. To further the knowledge of the H: Q relationship we have examined the intervention’s affect on running technique as presented here