3,161 research outputs found
Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Confinement Beyond Rainbow-Ladder Truncation
A non-perturbative construction of the 3-point fermion-boson vertex which
obeys its Ward-Takahashi or Slavnov-Taylor identity, ensures the massless
fermion and boson propagators transform according to their local gauge
covariance relations, reproduces perturbation theory in the weak coupling
regime and provides a gauge independent description for dynamical chiral
symmetry breaking (DCSB) and confinement has been a long-standing goal in
physically relevant gauge theories such as quantum electrodynamics (QED) and
quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this paper, we demonstrate that the same
simple and practical form of the vertex can achieve these objectives not only
in 4-dimensional quenched QED (qQED4) but also in its 3-dimensional counterpart
(qQED3). Employing this convenient form of the vertex \emph{ansatz} into the
Schwinger-Dyson equation (SDE) for the fermion propagator, we observe that it
renders the critical coupling in qQED4 markedly gauge independent in contrast
with the bare vertex and improves on the well-known Curtis-Pennington
construction. Furthermore, our proposal yields gauge independent order
parameters for confinement and DCSB in qQED3.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
A survey of chemical information systems
A survey of the features, functions, and characteristics of a fairly wide variety of chemical information storage and retrieval systems currently in operation is given. The types of systems (together with an identification of the specific systems) addressed within this survey are as follows: patents and bibliographies (Derwent's Patent System; IFI Comprehensive Database; PULSAR); pharmacology and toxicology (Chemfile; PAGODE; CBF; HEEDA; NAPRALERT; MAACS); the chemical information system (CAS Chemical Registry System; SANSS; MSSS; CSEARCH; GINA; NMRLIT; CRYST; XTAL; PDSM; CAISF; RTECS Search System; AQUATOX; WDROP; OHMTADS; MLAB; Chemlab); spectra (OCETH; ASTM); crystals (CRYSRC); and physical properties (DETHERM). Summary characteristics and current trends in chemical information systems development are also examined
Manual measurement of retinal bifurcation features
This paper introduces a new computerized tool for
accurate manual measurement of features of retinal bifurcation
geometry, designed for use in investigating correlations between measurement features and clinical conditions. The tool uses user-placed rectangles to measure the vessel width, and lines placed along vessel center lines to measure the angles. An
analysis is presented of measurements taken from 435 bifurcations.
These are compared with theoretical predictions based on
optimality principles presented in the literature. The new tool shows better agreement with the theoretical predictions than a simpler manual method published in the literature, but there remains a significant discrepancy between current theory and measured geometry
A fresh look at the (non-)Abelian Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin transformations
The Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin transformations (LKFTs) allow to interpolate
-point functions between different gauges. We first offer an alternative
derivation of these LKFTs for the gauge and fermions field in the Abelian (QED)
case when working in the class of linear covariant gauges. Our derivation is
based on the introduction of a gauge invariant transversal gauge field, which
allows a natural generalization to the non-Abelian (QCD) case of the LKFTs. To
our knowledge, within this rigorous formalism, this is the first construction
of the LKFTs beyond QED. The renormalizability of our setup is guaranteed to
all orders. We also offer a direct path integral derivation in the non-Abelian
case, finding full consistency.Comment: 16 page
Massive Dirac fermions and the zero field quantum Hall effect
Through an explicit calculation for a Lagrangian in quantum electrodynamics
in (2+1)-space--time dimensions (QED), making use of the relativistic Kubo
formula, we demonstrate that the filling factor accompanying the quantized
electrical conductivity for massive Dirac fermions of a single species in two
spatial dimensions is a half (in natural units) when time reversal and parity
symmetries of the Lagrangian are explicitly broken by the fermion mass term. We
then discuss the most general form of the QED Lagrangian, both for
irreducible and reducible representations of the Dirac matrices in the plane,
with emphasis on the appearance of a Chern-Simons term. We also identify the
value of the filling factor with a zero field quantum Hall effect (QHE).Comment: 15 pages. Accepted in Jour. Phys.
Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin Transformations and the Fermion Propagator in Quantum Electrodynamics
We study the gauge covariance of the massive fermion propagator in three as
well as four dimensional Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). Starting from its value
at the lowest order in perturbation theory, we evaluate a non-perturbative
expression for it by means of its Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin (LKF)
transformation. We compare the perturbative expansion of our findings with the
known one loop results and observe perfect agreement upto a gauge parameter
independent term, a difference permitted by the structure of the LKF
transformations.Comment: 9 pages, no figures, uses revte
Gauge Dependence of Mass and Condensate in Chirally Asymmetric Phase of Quenched QED3
We study three dimensional quenched Quantum Electrodynamics in the bare
vertex approximation. We investigate the gauge dependence of the dynamically
generated Euclidean mass of the fermion and the chiral condensate for a wide
range of values of the covariant gauge parameter . We find that (i) away
from , gauge dependence of the said quantities is considerably reduced
without resorting to sophisticated vertex {\em ansatze}, (ii) wavefunction
renormalization plays an important role in restoring gauge invariance and (iii)
the Ward-Green-Takahashi identity seems to increase the gauge dependence when
used in conjunction with some simplifying assumptions. In the Landau gauge, we
also verify that our results are in agreement with those based upon dimensional
regularization scheme within the numerical accuracy available.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, uses revte
The nonperturbative propagator and vertex in massless quenched QED_d
It is well known how multiplicative renormalizability of the fermion
propagator, through its Schwinger-Dyson equation, imposes restrictions on the
3-point fermion-boson vertex in massless quenched quantum electrodynamics in
4-dimensions (QED). Moreover, perturbation theory serves as an excellent
guide for possible nonperturbative constructions of Green functions.
We extend these ideas to arbitrary dimensions . The constraint of
multiplicative renormalizability of the fermion propagator is generalized to a
Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin transformation law in -dimensions and it
naturally leads to a constraint on the fermion-boson vertex. We verify that
this constraint is satisfied in perturbation theory at the one loop level in
3-dimensions. Based upon one loop perturbative calculation of the vertex, we
find additional restrictions on its possible nonperturbative forms in arbitrary
dimensions.Comment: 13 pages, no figures, latex (uses IOP style files
transition form factors
Using a continuum approach to the hadron bound-state problem, we calculate
transition form factors on the
entire domain of spacelike momenta, for comparison with existing experiments
and in anticipation of new precision data from next-generation
colliders. One novel feature is a model for the contribution to the
Bethe-Salpeter kernel deriving from the non-Abelian anomaly, an element which
is crucial for any computation of properties. The study
also delivers predictions for the amplitudes that describe the light- and
strange-quark distributions within the . Our results compare
favourably with available data. Important to this at large- is a sound
understanding of QCD evolution, which has a visible impact on the
in particular. Our analysis also provides some insights into the properties of
mesons and associated observable manifestations of the
non-Abelian anomaly.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 3 table
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