388 research outputs found
Delivering reform in English healthcare: an ideational perspective
A variety of perspectives has been put forward to understand reform across healthcare systems. Recently, some have called for these perspectives to give greater recognition to the role of ideational processes. The purpose of this article is to present an ideational approach to understanding the delivery of healthcare reform. It draws on a case of English healthcare reform â the Next Stage Review led by Lord Darzi â to show how the delivery of its reform proposals was associated with four ideational frames. These frames built on the idea of âprogressâ in responding to existing problems; the idea of âprevailing policyâ in forming part of a bricolage of ideas within institutional contexts; the idea of âprescriptionâ as top-down structural change at odds with local contexts; and the idea of âprofessional disputesâ in challenging the notion of clinical engagement across professional groups. The article discusses the implications of these ideas in furthering our understanding of policy change, conflict and continuity across healthcare settings
Policy Feedback and the Politics of the Affordable Care Act
There is a large body of literature devoted to how âpolicies create politicsâ and how feedback effects from existing policy legacies shape potential reforms in a particular area. Although much of this literature focuses on selfâreinforcing feedback effects that increase support for existing policies over time, Kent Weaver and his colleagues have recently drawn our attention to selfâundermining effects that can gradually weaken support for such policies. The following contribution explores both selfâreinforcing and selfâundermining policy feedback in relationship to the Affordable Care Act, the most important healthâcare reform enacted in the United States since the midâ1960s. More specifically, the paper draws on the concept of policy feedback to reflect on the political fate of the ACA since its adoption in 2010. We argue that, due in part to its sheer complexity and fragmentation, the ACA generates both selfâreinforcing and selfâundermining feedback effects that, depending of the aspect of the legislation at hand, can either facilitate or impede conservative retrenchment and restructuring. Simultaneously, through a discussion of partisan effects that shape Republican behavior in Congress, we acknowledge the limits of policy feedback in the explanation of policy stability and change
Enhanced heterogeneously catalyzed SuzukiâMiyaura reaction over SiliaCat Pd(0)
The SiliaCat Pd(0) solid catalyst can be efficiently employed in the SuzukiâMiyaura cross-coupling of an ample variety of haloarenes, including economically viable chloroarenes. The catalyst can be extensively recycled without loss of activity and with low leaching of valued palladium, opening the route to widespread utilization of the method to afford high yields of biaryls devoid of contaminating by-products
A set of moment tensor potentials for zirconium with increasing complexity
Machine learning force fields (MLFFs) are an increasingly popular choice for
atomistic simulations due to their high fidelity and improvable nature. Here,
we propose a hybrid small-cell approach that combines attributes of both
offline and active learning to systematically expand a quantum mechanical (QM)
database while constructing MLFFs with increasing model complexity. Our MLFFs
employ the moment tensor potential formalism. During this process, we
quantitatively assessed structural properties, elastic properties, dimer
potential energies, melting temperatures, phase stability, point defect
formation energies, point defect migration energies, free surface energies, and
generalized stacking fault (GSF) energies of Zr as predicted by our MLFFs.
Unsurprisingly, model complexity has a positive correlation with prediction
accuracy. We also find that the MLFFs wee able to predict the properties of
out-of-sample configurations without directly including these specific
configurations in the training dataset. Additionally, we generated 100 MLFFs of
high complexity (1513 parameters each) that reached different local optima
during training. Their predictions cluster around the benchmark DFT values, but
subtle physical features such as the location of local minima on the GSFE
surface are washed out by statistical noise
Selection of summer feeding sites and food resources by female migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) determined using camera collars
Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) is a socioeconomically and culturally key species for northern communities in the Arctic, and most of its populations are experiencing a sharp decline. Female migratory caribou depend on the availability of summer habitat resources to meet the needs associated with lactation and the accumulation of fat reserves to survive when resources are less abundant. Because of the large scales at which habitat and resource data are usually available, information on how female migratory caribou select habitat and resources at fine scales in the wild is lacking. To document selection of summer feeding sites, we equipped 60 female caribou with camera collars from 2016 to 2018. We collected a total of 65,150 10-sec videos between June 1 st and September 1 st for three years with contrasted spring phenology. We determined the selection at the feeding site scale (3 rd scale of Johnson) and food item scale (4 th scale of Johnson) using resource selection probability functions. Wetlands were highly selected as feeding sites in June and July while they were avoided in August. Shrublands were mostly selected in July and August. At the resources scale, lichen, birch, willow, and mushrooms were the most strongly selected resources. Our results provide precise and novel information on habitat selection at feeding sites and food resources selected by female caribou in the wild. This information will help understand foraging patterns and habitat selection behavior of female migratory caribou and will contribute to the management and conservation of its declining populations
Impact of ultraviolet radiation on marine crustacean zooplankton and ichthyoplankton: a synthesis of results from the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
The objectives of the research program reported upon here were (1) to measure ambient levels of UV radiation and
determine whichvariables most strongly affected its attenuation in the waters of the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada; and
(2) to investigate the potential direct impacts of W radiation on species of crustacean zooplankton and fish whose early life stages
are planktonic. In this geographic region, productivity-determining biophysical interactions occur in the upper 0 to 30 m of the
water column. Measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficients for ultraviolet-B radiation (W-B, 280 to 320 nm) at various
locations in this region indicated maximum 10% depths (the depth to which 10% of the surface energy penetrates at a given wavelength)
of 3 to 4 m at a wavelength of 310 nm. Organisms residing in this layer-including the eggs and larvae of Calanus finmarchicus
and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua-are exposed to biologically damaging levels of W radiation. As a result of these physical
and biological characteristics, this system offered a relevant opportunity to assess the impacts of UV on subarctic marine
ecosystems. Eggs of C. finmarchicus were incubated under the sun, with and without the W-B and/or UV-A (320 to 400 nm) wavebands.
W-exposed eggs exhibited low percent hatchmg compared to those protected from W : W radiation had a strong negative
impact on C. finmarchicus eggs. Further, percent hatching in W-B-exposed eggs was not significantly lower than that in eggs
exposed to UV-A only: under natural sunlight, UV-A radiation appeared to be more detrimental to C. finmarchicus embryos than
was UV-B. In analogous experiments with Atlantic cod eggs, exposure to UV-B produced a significant negative effect. However,
UV-A had no negative effect on cod eggs. Additional experiments using a solar simulator (SS) revealed high wavelength-dependent
mortality in both C. finmarchicus and cod embryos exposed to UV. The strongest effects occurred under exposures to wavelengths
below 312 nm. At the shorter wavelengths (<305 nm) UV-B-induced mortality was strongly dose-dependent, but (for both
C. finmarchicus and cod) not significantly influenced by dose-rate. Thus, at least within the limits of the exposures under which the
biological weighting functions (BWFs) were generated, reciprocity held. The BWFs derived for UV-B-induced mortality in C. finmarchicus
and cod eggs were similar in shape to the action spectrum for UV-B effects on naked DNA. Further, the wavelengthdependence
of DNA damage was similar to that for the mortality effect. These observations suggest that W-induced mortality in
C. finmarchicus and cod eggs is a direct result of DNA damage. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of UV-A radiation in
these SS-derived results. A mathematical model that includes the BWFs, vertical mixing of eggs, meteorological and hydrographic
conditions, and ozone depletion, indicates that W-induced mortality in the C. finmarchicus egg population could be as high as
32.5 %, while the impact on the cod egg population was no more than 1.2%. Variability in cloud cover, water transparency (and the
variables that affect it), and vertical distribution and displacement of planktonic organisms within the mixed layer can all have a
greater effect on the flux of UV-B radiation to which they are exposed than will ozone layer depletion at these latitudes. Our observations
indicate that C, finmarchicus and cod eggs present in the first meter of the water column (likely only a small percentage of
the total egg populations) are susceptible to W radiation. However, although exposure to UV can negatively impact crustacean
zooplankton and ichthyoplankton populations, these direct effects are likely minimal within the context of all the other environmental
factors that produce the very high levels of mortality typically observed in their planktonic early life stages. The impact of
indnect effects-which may well be of much greater import-has yet to be evaluated
Modeling geoelectric fields in Ireland and the UK for space weather applications
Geoelectric fields at the Earthâs surface caused by geomagnetic storms have the potential to
disrupt and damage ground-based infrastructure such as electrical power distribution networks, pipelines,
and railways. Here we model geoelectric fields in Ireland and the UK during both quiet and active time
intervals of geomagnetic conditions using measurements from magnetic observatories and electromagnetic
tensor relationships. The analysis focused on (1) defining periods of the magnetic field variations that are
largely affected by the geomagnetic storms, between 30 and 30,000 s; (2) constraining the electromagnetic
tensor relationships that defines the Earthâs response to magnetic field variations; (3) implementing and
validating two approaches for modeling geoelectric fields based on measurements from magnetic
observatories and local and interstation electromagnetic transfer functions; and (4) estimating uncertainties
when modeling geoelectric fields. The use of interstation tensor relationships allowed us to differentiate
between regional and local geomagnetic sources. We found coherence values of 0.5â0.95, signal-to-noise
ratio of 1â15 dB, normalized root-mean-square values of 0.8â3.4, and root-mean-square values of
0.7â84 mV/km. Within these ranges of values, sites in close proximity (<100 km) to a magnetic observatory
and not affected by local storms will provide the most accurate results, while sites located at further
distances and affected by spatially localized features of the storm will be less accurate. These methods
enable us to more accurately model geomagnetically induced currents, and their associated uncertainties, in
the British and Irish power networks
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