Frakcionisanje fosfora u zemljištu nakon dugotrajne primene fosfornog đubriva

The changes in inorganic and organic phosphorus (P) fractions of soil resulting from long-term fertilization (40 years) were investigated. In order to improve understanding of the sink and sources of phosphorus, P-fractions were extracted from soil samples from depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm with different amounts of monoammonium-phosphate (MAP) and then determined. The studied soil was of the Stagnosol type. Phosphate fertilizer was applied in 26, 39 and 52 kg P ha(-1) amounts during a period of 40 years. Samples were subjected to sequential extraction according to a modified Chang and Jackson method and the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure in order to extract different forms of phosphorus. The certified reference material CRM 684 (river sediment extractable phosphorus) was used to confirm the accuracy of the instrument and of both employed methods. Furthermore, the association of phosphorus with substrates was provided by comparison of the results of sequential methods of phosphorus species with the sequential extraction of metals (Fe, Al, Mn and Ca). The results of continuous fertilization during 40 years indicated increases of all forms phosphorus in the soil except of phosphorus bound to calcium and organic phosphorus. Application of higher amounts of P-fertilizer resulted in the dominance of the Al P fraction in the studied soil, which indicated that this fraction was the most responsible for the migration of phosphorus along the soil profile.U ovom radu ispitivane su promene u frakcijama neorganskog i organskog fosfora (P) u zemljištu koje su izazvane 40 godišnjim đubrenjem amonijum-fosfatom (MAR). Đubrivo je dodavano u količinama od 26, 39 i 52 kg P po hektaru zemljišta. U cilju praćenja mobilnosti fosfora, ekstrahovane su fosforne frakcije sa dve različite dubine zemljišta: površinski sloj od 0-30 cm i dubina od 30-60 cm. Tip ispitivanog zemljišta je Stagnosol. Uzorci su u cilju ekstrahovanja različitih oblika fosfora podvrgnuti sekvencijalnoj ekstrakciji i to na dva načina: prema modifikovanoj Chang i Jackson metodi i BCR metodi. Sertifikovani referentni materijal CRM 684 (rečni sediment) je korišćen za praćenje tačnosti obe korišćene metode. Osim toga je proučeno vezivanje fosfora sa supstratima (Fe, Al, Mn i Ca) koji su ekstrahovani sekvencijalnom ekstrakcijom metala. Rezultati ukazuju da kontinualno 40 godišnje đubrenje dovodi do povećanja sadržaja svih oblika fosfora u zemljištu osim fosfora koji je vezan za kalcijum i organskog fosfora. Primenom veće količine fosfornog đubriva dolazi do dominacije frakcije fosfora vezanog za aluminijum u ispitivanom zemljištu što ukazuje da je ta frakcija najodgovornija za migraciju fosfora kroz zemljište

Evaluation of potentially toxic element contamination in the riparian zone of the River Sava

Contaminated sediments transported onto the river terrace during high water events can contribute significant quantities of potentially toxic elements to riparian soils. Seven trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analysed in the river sediment and riparian soil of the River Sava and their spatial distribution, potential toxicity and ecological risk levels were evaluated. The results showed that levels of all the trace metals were enriched to varying extents in both the sediment (As, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and soil (Ni) when compared to reference levels for sediments and European soils. Mean concentrations of trace metals in sediment and soil, apart from Pb, increased downstream in the River Sava. The similar increasing trend of these elements in sediment and soil may be explained by their increased load due to anthropogenic pressures (As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediment and the significant accumulation of Ni in soil) and frequent periodic flooding (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in sediment and Cd in soil are influenced by both high water events and natural factors such as the geological substrate), particularly in lowland regions. In this study, soluble As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni fractions in sediment and soil LT 10% indicated their low mobility. The exceptions were readily soluble Pb and Zn in the sediment and soil at some sampling sites. In the lower reaches, levels of Pb in sediment was indicative of a medium environmental hazard, while there was a high environmental hazard in the upper reaches with the average Pb content in sediment higher than the PEL. Pollution factors for Pb in soil indicated a medium environmental hazard in the upper and middle reaches and a high environmental hazard at some sites in the lower stretches of the Sava River, although total Pb content in soil was within the range proposed for European soils

Contamination, risk, and source apportionment of potentially toxic microelements in river sediments and soil after extreme flooding in the Kolubara River catchment in Western Serbia

Climate change is contributing to an increase in extreme weather events. This results in a higher river flooding risk, causing a series of environmental disturbances, including potential contamination of agricultural soil. In Serbia, the catastrophic floods of 2014 affected six river basins, including the Kolubara River Basin, as one of the larger sub-catchments of the large regional Sava River Basin, which is characterized by large areas under agricultural cultures, various geological substrates, and different types of industrial pollution. The main aim of this study was to establish the sources of potentially toxic elements in soil and flood sediments and the effect of the flood on their concentrations. Field sampling was performed immediately after water had receded from the flooded area in May 2014. In total, 36 soil samples and 28 flood sediment samples were collected. After acid digestion (HNO3), concentrations of the most frequent potentially toxic elements (PTE) in agricultural production (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) and Co which are closely related to the geological characteristics of river catchments, were analyzed. The origin, source, and interrelations of microelements, as well as BACKGROUND: values of the PTE of the river catchment, the pollution index (Pi), enrichment factor (Ef), and geological index (Igeo), were determined, using statistical methods such as Pearson correlations, principal component analysis (PCA), and multiple linear regression (MLRA). The content of the hot acid-extractable forms of the elements, PCA, and MLRA revealed a heavy geological influence on microelement content, especially on Ni, Cr, and Co, while an anthropogenic influence was observed for Cu, Zn, and Cd content. This mixed impact was primarily related to mines and their impact on As and Pb content. The pseudo-total concentrations of all the analyzed elements did not prove to be a danger in the catchment area, except for Cu in some samples, indicating point-source pollution, and Ni, whose pseudo-total content could be a limiting factor in agricultural production. For the Ef, the Ni content in 59% soil and 68% flood sediment samples is classified into influence classes. The similar pseudo-total contents of the elements studied in soil samples and flood sediment and their origin indicate that the long-term soil formation process is subject to periodic flooding in the Kolubara River Basin without any significant changes taking place. This implies that floods are not an endangering factor in terms of the contamination of soil by potentially toxic elements in the explored area

Atmospheric Deposition Effects on Agricultural Soil Acidification State — Key Study : Krupanj Municipality

Acidification, as a form of soil degradation is a process that leads to permanent reduction in the quality of soil as the most important natural resource. The process of soil acidification, which in the first place implies a reduction in soil pH, can be caused by natural processes, but also considerably accelerated by the anthropogenic influence of excessive S and N emissions, uncontrolled deforestation, and intensive agricultural processes. Critical loads, i.e. the upper limit of harmful depositions (primarily of S and N) which will not cause damages to the ecosystem, were determined in Europe under the auspices of the Executive Committee of the CLRTAP in 1980. These values represent the basic indicators of ecosystem stability to the process of acidification. This paper defines the status of acidification for the period up to 2100 in relation to the long term critical and target loading of soil with S and N on the territory of Krupanj municipality by applying the VSD model. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) geostatistic module was used as the interpolation method. Land management, particularly in areas susceptible to acidification, needs to be focused on well-balanced agriculture and use of crops/seedlings to achieve the optimum land use and sustainable productivity for the projected 100-year period

Effect of waste Al-phosphate on soil and plant

Irreplaceability of phosphorus as a necessary macroelement in crop production is due to limited resources and costly processing of ores and immobilization in soil, which force for seeking an alternative sources or the use of waste materials. In this paper, the waste aluminum phosphate from pharmaceutical factory used as phosphate fertilizer and its effects were compared with other phosphorus fertilizers (superphosphate and rock phosphate). Except the analysis of available phosphorus (AL-method) the sequential extraction of phosphorus (modified Chang and Jackson) and sequential extraction of aluminum (modified Tessier) were performed. The experimental plant was mustard (Sinapis alba). The pot experiment was carried out on two soil types: Stagnosol and Vertisol. Application of phosphorus with aluminum phosphate had the same effect as the application of other phosphatic fertilizers in both soil types. In Stagnosol Al-phosphate directly influenced the increase in plant fresh weight by 39% and dry weight by 43% compared to the control, and also decreased the content of mobile Al for 40% and Pb for 47% in plant biomass. Based on these results, the use of waste aluminum phosphate has a potential to be used as a phosphorus fertilizer under given conditions

Identification of Different Sources and Forms of Arsenic in the Vicinity of Ore Mining in Serbia

Plant available arsenic (As) is not defined by its total content but by the various forms in soil. The aims of this study were to determine the amounts of As phases in soils extracted in the vicinity of the antimony mines; to study soil surface processes affecting formation of most mobile phases of As and the identification of sources of As phases in C soil horizon. Five fractions of soil As were determined by sequential extraction analyses (As F1, As F 2, As F 3, As F 4 and As F 5) in A and C horizons. The identification of the origin of As fractions were made by mean of principal component analyses (PCA) including Pearson correlations. The amount of the most mobile forms of As (As F1 and F2) was below 1%. The content of As F1, As F2 and As F4 decrease with soil depth, while aqua regia As and phases F3 and F5 increase with depth. Principal component analyses (PCA) showed that the content of As F2 is affected by anthropogenic factor and the content of As F4 by biological factor. In C horizon, As F2 and F4 are influenced by the leaching processes in soil. Arsenic F5 is bound to sediment rocks. The soil surface processes increases the availability of As in soil. The most mobile forms of As were found in deeper soil horizon that is due to the leaching of As with water from biological sources. The content of semi available phase of As F3 increases with depth, with stronger bounds due to the linkage to the amorphous Fe hydroxides

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY

A clinical, microbiological and economic analysis of a national service for the rapid molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance i

Identification of Different Sources and Forms of Arsenic in the Vicinity of Ore Mining in Serbia

Plant available arsenic (As) is not defined by its total content but by the various forms in soil. The aims of this study were to determine the amounts of As phases in soils extracted in the vicinity of the antimony mines; to study soil surface processes affecting formation of most mobile phases of As and the identification of sources of As phases in C soil horizon. Five fractions of soil As were determined by sequential extraction analyses (As F1, As F 2, As F 3, As F 4 and As F 5) in A and C horizons. The identification of the origin of As fractions were made by mean of principal component analyses (PCA) including Pearson correlations. The amount of the most mobile forms of As (As F1 and F2) was below 1%. The content of As F1, As F2 and As F4 decrease with soil depth, while aqua regia As and phases F3 and F5 increase with depth. Principal component analyses (PCA) showed that the content of As F2 is affected by anthropogenic factor and the content of As F4 by biological factor. In C horizon, As F2 and F4 are influenced by the leaching processes in soil. Arsenic F5 is bound to sediment rocks. The soil surface processes increases the availability of As in soil. The most mobile forms of As were found in deeper soil horizon that is due to the leaching of As with water from biological sources. The content of semi available phase of As F3 increases with depth, with stronger bounds due to the linkage to the amorphous Fe hydroxides

Liming of anthropogenically acidified soil promotes phosphorus acquisition in the rhizosphere of wheat

We studied the effect of liming and P fertilization of extremely acid soil (accidently acidified by sulfidic mining waste) on P availability and the subsequent adaptive responses of wheat roots. The wheat plants were grown in rhizoboxes allowing precise sampling of rhizosphere and bulk soil for sequential extraction of P fractions and determination of exchangeable Al. Root exudates were collected by pieces of paper for electrophoresis and subjected to HPLC analysis. Expression of organic anions and P-i transporter genes was analyzed by a real-time quantitative PCR. The concomitant application of lime with P fertilization increased the concentrations of plant-available P fractions in both rhizosphere and bulk compartments. The applied soil amendments strongly affected plant growth, biomass partitioning and shoot P accumulation. Liming enhanced root exudation of citrate in P unfertilized plants, while the high malate efflux was maintained until both P deficiency and Al toxicity were eliminated by the amendments. We showed the importance of liming for recovering of P acquisition potential of wheat roots, which can be strongly impaired in acid soils. Our results clearly demonstrated that P-deficient roots not subjected to Al stress in the limed soil can maintain high efflux of malate and even increase efflux of citrate along with the enhanced expression of related anion transporters (TaMATE1 and TaALMT1)