Schuldbücher und Rechnungen der Großschäffer und Lieger des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen. Bd. 4. Liegerbücher der Großschäfferei Königsberg (Ordensfolianten 150–152 und Zusatzmaterial). Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Cordula A. Franzke

Schuldbücher und Rechnungen der Großschäffer und Lieger des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen. Bd. 4. Liegerbücher der Großschäfferei Königsberg (Ordensfolianten 150–152 und Zusatzmaterial). Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Cordula A. Franzke. Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preussischer Kulturbesitz 62/4, Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte, N.F. LIX/4. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2018. 745 pp. ISBN: 978-3-428-15251-3.Schuldbücher und Rechnungen der Großschäffer und Lieger des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen. Bd. 4. Liegerbücher der Großschäfferei Königsberg (Ordensfolianten 150–152 und Zusatzmaterial). Herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Cordula A. Franzke. Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preussischer Kulturbesitz 62/4, Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte, N.F. LIX/4. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2018. 745 pp. ISBN: 978-3-428-15251-3

Survival at the frontier of Holy War: political expansion, crusading, commerce and the medieval colonizing settlement at Biała Gora, North Poland

Between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries AD, the Lower Vistula valley represented a permeable and shifting frontier between Pomerelia (eastern Pomerania), which had been incorporated into the Polish Christian state by the end of the tenth century, and the territories of western Prussian tribes, who had resisted attempts at Christianization. Pomeranian colonization eventually began to falter in the latter decades of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, most likely as a result of Prussian incursions, which saw the abandonment of sites across the borderland. Subsequently, the Teutonic Order and its allies led a protracted holy war against the Prussian tribes, which resulted in the conquest of the region and its incorporation into a theocratic state by the end of the thirteenth century. This was accompanied by a second wave of colonization, which resulted in the settlement pattern that is still visible in the landscape of north-central Poland today. However, not all colonies were destroyed or abandoned in between the two phases of colonization. The recently excavated site of Biała Góra, situated on the western side of the Forest of Sztum overlooking the River Nogat, represents a unique example of a transitional settlement that included both Pomeranian and Teutonic Order phases. The aim of this paper is to situate the site within its broader landscape context which can be characterized as a militarized frontier, where, from the later twelfth century and throughout much of the thirteenth century, political and economic expansion was combined with the ideology of Christian holy war and missionary activity. This paper considers how the colonists provisioned and sustained themselves in comparison to other sites within the region, and how Biała Góra may be tentatively linked to a documented but otherwise lost outpost in this volatile borderland

Zmiany w przestrzeni gdańskiego miejskiego zespołu osadniczego pod panowaniem zakonu krzyżackiego a problem lokalizacji miasta samorządowego w Gdańsku w XIII w.

SPATIAL CHANGES IN THE GDAŃSK CONURBATION UNDER THE TEUTONIC ORDER RULE AND THE ISSUE OF LOCATING THE LÜBECK-LAW TOWN IN GDAŃSK IN THE 13TH CENTURY One of the unresolved research questions in the history of Gdańsk (Danzig) in the 14th c. is the issue of locating the Council-governed town: it is hypothesized to have been situated near St Catherine’s church (in the Old Town) or on the Motława in the vicinity of St Mary’s church (the Main Town). There have been attempts at solving the puzzle through researching the beginnings and functions of those churches. New criteria that can be helpful: determining the exact reference of the term “old town”, delimiting the borders of the land that belonged to the chartered town before 1308 and to the Main Town, and the analysis of the agreement between the Main Town and the bishop of Włocławek made on 11 November 1356 and the data on the estates owned by the Oliwa monastery in the Main Town from the latter from the council of Gdańsk to the Grand Marshal of the Teutonic Order of 29 May 1347, suggest that the 13th-century council-governed town was not identical with the Main Town but was probably situated in the Old Town. This location, however, has not yet been confirmed by archaeological finds

Church property in the flood protection system in Żuławy and the Lower Vistula Valley in the Middle Ages

W XIV w. za sprawą zakonu krzyżackiego na Żuławach Wiślanych i w dolinie dolnej Wisły przeprowadzono akcje kolonizacyjną i zbudowano system przeciwpowodziowo-odwadniający. Społeczno-ekonomiczna efektywność tych działań uzależniona była od racjonalnego podziału pracy między jego utrzymaniem w należytym stanie a rolniczo-hodowlaną eksploatacją gruntów. Podstawowe znaczenie miała zasada prawna kein Land ohne Deich. Oznaczała ona, że na każdym właścicielu ziemi chronionej przez wały, bez względu na jego stan, spoczywał obowiązek wałowy. Wywołało to kontrowersje między wspólnotą przeciwpowodziową Żuław Wielkich a plebanami. Ten długoletni spór został zakończony w 1387 r. wykupieniem wszystkich zobowiązań spoczywających na ziemi kościelnej, z wyjątkiem prac wewnątrz granic wsi.In the 14th century, thanks to the Teutonic Order, colonisation of Żuławy Wiślane (the alluvial delta area of the Vistula River) and the lower Vistula valley was carried out and a flood control and drainage system was built. The social and economic effectiveness of these activities depended on a rational division of labour between its maintenance and agricultural exploitation of land. The legal principle kein Land ohne Deich was fundamental. It meant that every owner of land protected by dikes, regardless of its condition, had a dike obligation. This gave rise to a controversy between the flood protection community of the Żulawy Wielkie and the parsonages. This long-running dispute was ended in 1387 by the redemption of all obligations resting on church land, except for work inside the village boundaries

Miód w gospodarce komturstwa malborskiego

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie informacji dotyczących produkcji miodu i jej znaczenia dla gospodarki komturstwa malborskiego. Miód był pozyskiwany już w okresie poprzedzającym przybycie Zakonu Krzyżackiego do Prus, na co wskazują przekazy źródłowe,nieliczne wprawdzie, ale niebudzące wątpliwości co do wiarygodności. W okresie krzyżackim Zakon zastrzegał sobie prawo do udzielania zgody na działalność bartniczą i pasieczniczą. Na zamku w Malborku miód był wykorzystywany przede wszystkim do produkcji miodu pitnego, ale też dosładzania wina krajowego.The objective of the article is to provide information on the production of honey and its significance in the economy of the Malbork Commandry. Honey had been collected in Prussia before the Teutonic Order appeared there according to some sources, which are not too numerous but quite reliable. In Prussia the Teutonic Order reserved itself the right to give consent to bee collecting. At the Malbork Castle honey was mainly used to produce mead and added to local wine to make it sweeter

The oldest parish system in Żuławy Wielkie (until the mid-15th century)

Żuławy Wielkie były nie tylko regionem przodującym pod względem rozwoju rolnictwa, samorządności i zamożności mieszkańców, ale także organizacji parafialnej. Przeciętna parafia obejmowała dwie wsie. Jedynie nowostawska i lichnowska, najpewniej najstarsza, bo erygowana jeszcze w XIII w., liczyła 6 – 7 wsi. Daje się zauważyć dążenie mieszkańców do tworzenia parafii jednowioskowych lub przynajmniej budowy kaplic filialnych. Patronem wszystkich kościołów był zakon krzyżacki, który we wsiach wydzielał beneficjum – z reguły 4 łany ziemi. Mieszkańcy na utrzymanie parafii płacili tzw. meszne (świadczenie w zbożu), a przez witryków wpływali na jej finanse. Przy kościołach czynne były utrzymywane przez parafian szkoły, zapewniające najzdolniejszym dzieciom wiejskim elementarne wykształcenie i służbę liturgiczną w świątyniach. Niektórzy plebani wielkożuławscy, posiadający wykształcenie uniwersyteckie, pozostawali w służbie Zakonu krzyżackiego i biskupów pomezańskich.Żuławy Wielkie (the alluvial delta area of the Vistula River) in Middle Ages was not only most advanced in agriculture, self-government as well as the level of prosperity of its inhabitants, but it was also the territory with strong parish system. An average parish consisted of two villages. Only two exceptions are noticed, in Nowy Staw and Lichnowy, the latter being probably the oldest, established in the 13th Century and consisted of 6 – 7 villages. It is visible that inhabitants preferred the erection of single-village parishes or at least filial chapels. The right of patronage of all churches belonged to the Teutonic Order. The patron provided the parish with a benefice (usually 4 lans – 120 morgs of land). Moreover, the inhabitants had to pay a special contribution in corn (called meszne), while their representatives (vitrici) interfered with parish finances. Parochial schools were established, supported by the inhabitants and designed both to provide most talented children with basic education and to secure liturgical servants for the church. Some parish priests from the area of Żuławy Wielkie, particularly persons with university education, served at the courts of Pogesanian bishops and the Teutonic Order

The cult of the Blessed Virgin Marry in the city of Malbork in the Middle Ages

Powstanie i rozwój kultu maryjnego w średniowiecznym Malborku związane były nie tylko z zakonem krzyżackim i jego malborskim domem głównym, ale też z miastem. Zapewne pierwotnie nazywało się ono miastem Świętej Marii (civitas Santae Mariae, niem. Marienstadt), ale ostatecznie nazwa ta została zastąpiona przez nazwę zamku (civitas castri Santae Mariae). Także kościół parafialny nosił pierwotnie wezwanie maryjne, poświadczone w 1416 r., a współpatronem był najprawdopodobniej św. Jan Ewangelista (1669). Bardzo ważnym elementem malborskiego kultu maryjnego była kaplica na Bramie Przewozowej, zwanej też później Bramą Mariacką, wzmiankowana po raz pierwszy w 1443 r., a uposażona w 1448 r. przez wielkiego mistrza Konrada von Erlichshausena. Patronat nad tą kaplicą został przekazany miastu (1448). Geneza tej fundacji wiąże się najpewniej z wydarzeniem opisanym w liście rzemieślników malborskich i mieszkańców przedmieścia z dnia 24 grudnia 1443 r., skierowanym do wielkiego mistrza. W opinii autorów listu modlitwy i prośby kierowane do Boga za pośrednictwem Najświętszej Marii Panny uratowały bowiem przedmieście, a przede wszystkim samo miasto, od zniszczenia przez pożar. Natomiast dostępne dzisiaj wzmianki źródłowe nie pozwalają na ustalenie, czy wcześniej na południowym przedmieściu Malborka znajdowała się kaplica maryjna.The origins and development of the Marian cult in medieval Malbork were not only linked to the Teutonic Order and its Malbork main house, but also to the city. It was probably originally called the city of Saint Mary (civitas Santae Mariae, German: Marienstadt), but this name was eventually replaced by that of the castle (civitas castri Santae Mariae). The parish church also originally bore a Marian invocation, attested in 1416, and the co-patron was most probably St John the Evangelist (1669). A very important element of the Malbork Marian cult was the chapel at the Carriage Gate, also later known as St Mary’s Gate, first mentioned in 1443 and endowed in 1448 by Grand Master Konrad von Erlichshausen. The patronage of this chapel was transferred to the city (1448). The genesis of this foundation is probably linked to an event described in a letter from Malbork craftsmen and suburban residents to the Grand Master dated 24 December 1443. According to the letter’s authors, prayers and petitions addressed to God through the intermediary of the Blessed Virgin Mary saved the suburb, and above all the city itself, from destruction by fire. However, the source records available today do not make it possible to establish whether there was a Marian chapel in the southern suburb of Malbork earlier

About the History of the Ruling Classes in Königsberg and Marienburg During the Thirteen Years’ War. The Contribution to the Exchange of the City’s Governing Elites

The differences in the political attitude towards the Teutonic Order of the Old City of Königsberg and Königsberg-Kneiphof [Knypawa] on the one hand, and the city of Marienburg [Malbork] on the other hand, both prior to the outbreak of the Thirteen Years’ War and during it, caused significant disturbances in the composition of the authorities of the above mentioned cities. The fact of both cities of Königsberg being taken over by the Teutonic Order caused that the town councilors supporting the incorporation of Prussia to Poland were forced to leave the cities. Eventually, they settled down in Gdañsk, Elblag and Malbork [Marienburg]. The advocates of the Teutonic Order from Malbork found shelter in Königsberg. For both groups the emigration meant the loss of property and estates, which were later granted in return for loyalty by King Casimir Jagiellon and Grand Master Konrad von Erlichshausen to their advocates who had been forced to emigrate. The representatives of both groups tried to regain their property in their family towns, but their attempts turned out to bear no fruit. Some of them were appointed town councilors or even mayors in their new places of residence, but such careers were not very common

Descriptions of the Boundaries of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia with the Duchy of Słupsk of the 14th and 15th Centuries

The edition presents the sources concerning the borders between the Duchy of Słupsk and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia of the 14th and 15th century. The basis for the edition are records included in the boundary book – the so called Grenzbuch B with the entry number OF 270a preserved in XX. Hauptabteilung in the Secret State Archive in Berlin-Dahlem. Among the published sources, texts no. 3, 6, 7 were edited by Reinhold Cramer, but they fail to include the dates (no. 6, 7) and the explanations of topographic names appearing in them. The remaining texts were not published (no. 1–2, 4–5, 8–12). The first group of sources (no. 1–4) was written in the period from the second half of the 14th century to the beginning of the 15th century. The second group of descriptions (no. 507) resulted from the circuit [Polish: ujazd] around the boundary by the Gdańsk commander Albrecht, earl von Schwarzburg of the end of 1405. They were included in the introductory Pomeranian-Teutonic border agreement of 14 October 1407, next in the sealed agreement of 23 September 1408. The creation of the third group of descriptions (8–9) should be associated with Teutonic preparations to the arbitration agreement in front of the Roman and Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxembourg, and with the activity of the sub-arbiter Benedict Makrai in the years 1412–1413. The last group of descriptions (no. 10–12) was created in the situation of the conflict concerning the establishment of the border between the Człuchów commandry and the Szczecinek land in the vicinity of Dołgie Lake in 1417. None of the published sources presents the whole Pomeranian-Teutonic border from the estuary of the river Łeba to the Baltic Sea in the north to Lędyczek in the south, but its individual fragments. Description no. 1 includes the description of the border between the Człuchów commandry / the Tuchola commandry and the Kingdom of Poland. In source no. 2 there is a list of arbitrators from the Pomeranian party and the Teutonic party negotiating the border between the villages of Oskowo and Siemirowice / Unieszyno. The information about informer and arbitrators may be found in source no. 3 (both the Pomeranian and Teutonic parties) and no. 4 (the Teutonic party). Each of the published descriptions is characterized by precision and plethora of topographic names. They should be used for the analysis of the problem of shaping and functioning of the border between the Duchy of Słupsk and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the context of the political and economic situation on the Pomeranian-Teutonic borderland in the Late Middle Ages