Electron-topological, energetic and π-electron delocalization analysis of ketoenamine-enolimine tautomeric equilibrium

The ketoenamine-enolimine tautometic equilibrium has been studied by the analysis of aromaticity and electron-topological parameters. The influence of substituents on the energy of the transition state and of the tautomeric forms has been investigated for different positions of chelate chain. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules method (QTAIM) has been applied to study changes in the electron-topological parameters of the molecule with respect to the tautomeric equilibrium in intramolecular hydrogen bond. Dependencies of the HOMA aromaticity index and electron density at the critical points defining aromaticity and electronic state of the chelate chain on the transition state (TS), OH and HN tautomeric forms have been obtained

Bioarchaeology of Social Inequality in the Unetice Culture : A Case Study

The barrow in Kąty Wrocławskie was discovered near the city of Wrocław, SW Poland, in 1998. This paper presents the results collated from excavations, isotopic analyses (13C/15N), radiocarbon dating and lipid analyses of organic residues, found in this tomb. Social ranking/hierarchy shaped the lifestyle and identities, be they either individual or collective, upon which ultimately rigid or more flexible forms of stratification were built. However, archaeological debate regarding social inequality and leadership in the Unetice Culture is frequently reduced to bronze halberds, gold and the Leubingen barrow. We seek to determine the scale of social diversity among members of Early Bronze Age society. In this paper we present the biological profiles of the first group of Uneticean aristocracy buried in princely graves

Integration of Multi-Source Geospatial Data from GNSS Receivers, Terrestrial Laser Scanners, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The analysis based on geospatial data from different measurement systems now constitutes a complex numerical and practical enterprise. The dynamic development of modern technologies enables rapid and precise acquisition of such data. Nonetheless, the diversity of reference systems is today one of the main challenges for their correct interpretation. The combined use of the processed measurement results and archival data in paper form constitutes an important direction for the development of this discipline. This issue is visible during the implementation of complex hydrographic and geodetic surveys requiring geospatial integration of results. The publication presents both the theoretical basis and the practical verification of the adopted methodology. The research material comes from the measurement campaign conducted to determine geospatial parameters for the tombolo phenomenon in Sopot. The results of differential GNSS RTK measurements, terrestrial laser scanning, bathymetric survey, photogrammetry, and analog archival bathymetric map were subjected to the integration process. The effectiveness of the presented procedure was confirmed by the obtained error estimators of values not exceeding three centimeters

Focal electrical stimulation of major ganglion cell types in the primate retina for the design of visual prostheses

Electrical stimulation of retinal neurons with an advanced retinal prosthesis may eventually provide high-resolution artificial vision to the blind. However, the success of future prostheses depends on the ability to activate the major parallel visual pathways of the human visual system. Electrical stimulation of the five numerically dominant retinal ganglion cell types was investigated by simultaneous stimulation and recording in isolated peripheral primate (Macaca sp.) retina using multi-electrode arrays. ON and OFF midget, ON and OFF parasol, and small bistratified ganglion cells could all be activated directly to fire a single spike with submillisecond latency using brief pulses of current within established safety limits. Thresholds for electrical stimulation were similar in all five cell types. In many cases, a single cell could be specifically activated without activating neighboring cells of the same type or other types. These findings support the feasibility of direct electrical stimulation of the major visual pathways at or near their native spatial and temporal resolution