Using pedigree information to monitor genetic variability of endangered populations: the Xalda sheep breed of Asturias as an example

The aim of this work is to highlight the need of monitoring small populations to conserve their genetic variability by using a set of parameters to characterize both the structure of populations and management practices. As a representative example we analyse the pedigree information of the endangered Xalda sheep breed of Asturias. The herdbook of Xalda sheep included a total of 805 animals and 62 herds. The number of founders was 329. Nowadays, there are 562 live animals and 26 active herds. The breed is in risk of losing genetic diversity because of the abusive use of certain individuals as parents. The effective number of founder animals is 81.1. The effective number of founder herds is 9.9. The average value of inbreeding in the whole Xalda population was 1.5%. The average relatedness (AR) coefficient reached 1.8% in the whole pedigree. The genetic representation of the lines of founders is unbalanced. Inbreeding trends and effective size do not provide realistic information concerning the risk of loss of diversity as a result of the shallowness of the genealogical information. We suggest the monitoring of the breed using AR to unbalance the genetic contributions of specific individuals, equalizing the genetic representation of the founders and lines in the population. In addition, AR can suggest the introduction of new, under-represented animals in herds showing high average AR values relative to the population. Our results can be useful to improve the development of conservation initiatives involving open herdbooks to avoid the risk of loss of genetic diversity caused by incorrect management practices

Retinoid receptor-specific agonists regulate bovine in vitro early embryonic development, differentiation and expression of genes related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

A major goal in reproductive biotechnology is the identification of pathways that regulate early embryonic development and the allocation of cells to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). Retinoids regulate the development and differentiation of the bovine blastocyst in vitro, although the involvement of the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) remains to be clarified. This paper compares the effect of a synthetic RXR agonist (LG100268; LG) with that of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on blastulation. In vitro-produced morulae were treated for 48 h with LG (0.1 μM, 1 μM and 10 μM), ATRA 0.7 μM, or no additives. Treatment with ATRA did not increase the rate of development; however, the LG 0.1 μM treatment increased both the blastocyst development and hatching rate. Cell numbers increased in the ICM with LG 10 μM, while a dose-dependent reduction was observed in the TE in the presence of LG. Gene expression levels of p53 and p66 did not vary with LG but increased with ATRA. Both LG and ATRA activated bax, a pro-apoptotic gene and H2A.Z, a cell cycle-related gene. The above effects suggest the existence of active p53-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways for ATRA and LG, respectively, in the bovine embryo. The expression of p53 and H2A.Z showed a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.93; p < 0.0001) in all experimental groups; both proteins are linked through the cell cycle. Agonists of RXR could be used to control blastocyst development and differentiation

Características Sociodemográficas del Consumo de Alcohol en Cantabria.

El presente estudio describe la manera como determinadas características socio-demográficas de la población (sexo, edad, actividad laboral. clase social, etc.) condicionan la ingesta de alcohol. Para ello se utilizan datos de un estudio epidemiológico comunitario de tipo transversal que, sobre una población muestral de 1.818 personas comprendidas entre 16 y 65 años -y representativa de la población de Cantabria-investiga las respuestas de la población ante el consumo de alcohol. Se encontró, entre otros datos que: 1) los modelos generales de consumo de alcohol están saturados por las características culturales generales de la población; 2) la edad y el sexo condicionan siempre la ingesta de alcohol, ejerciendo las otras variables un efecto menos significativo; 3) el modo rural de vida se asocia a mayores niveles de consumo que el urbano, industrial o semi-urbano; 4) en ambos sexos la actividad laboral agrícola (sobre todo la no asalariada) se asocia a los niveles más altos de consumo de alcohol. en las mujeres además dicha asociación se da con la actividad laboral manual poco cualificada; 5) la clase social mantiene una relación inversa con el consumo de alcohol. Finalmente las clases sociales «media-media» y «baja» presentan las mayores cifras de «ingesta excesiva de alcohol»

Características Sociodemográficas del Consumo de Alcohol en Cantabria.

El presente estudio describe la manera como determinadas características socio-demográficas de la población (sexo, edad, actividad laboral. clase social, etc.) condicionan la ingesta de alcohol. Para ello se utilizan datos de un estudio epidemiológico comunitario de tipo transversal que, sobre una población muestral de 1.818 personas comprendidas entre 16 y 65 años -y representativa de la población de Cantabria-investiga las respuestas de la población ante el consumo de alcohol. Se encontró, entre otros datos que: 1) los modelos generales de consumo de alcohol están saturados por las características culturales generales de la población; 2) la edad y el sexo condicionan siempre la ingesta de alcohol, ejerciendo las otras variables un efecto menos significativo; 3) el modo rural de vida se asocia a mayores niveles de consumo que el urbano, industrial o semi-urbano; 4) en ambos sexos la actividad laboral agrícola (sobre todo la no asalariada) se asocia a los niveles más altos de consumo de alcohol. en las mujeres además dicha asociación se da con la actividad laboral manual poco cualificada; 5) la clase social mantiene una relación inversa con el consumo de alcohol. Finalmente las clases sociales «media-media» y «baja» presentan las mayores cifras de «ingesta excesiva de alcohol»

Extensive Sheep and Goat Production: The Role of Novel Technologies towards Sustainability and Animal Welfare

[EN] Sheep and goat extensive production systems are very important in the context of global food security and the use of rangelands that have no alternative agricultural use. In such systems, there are enormous challenges to address. These include, for instance, classical production issues, such as nutrition or reproduction, as well as carbon-efficient systems within the climate-change context. An adequate response to these issues is determinant to economic and environmental sustainability. The answers to such problems need to combine efficiently not only the classical production aspects, but also the increasingly important health, welfare, and environmental aspects in an integrated fashion. The purpose of the study was to review the application of technological developments, in addition to remote-sensing in tandem with other state-of-the-art techniques that could be used within the framework of extensive production systems of sheep and goats and their impact on nutrition, production, and ultimately, the welfare of these species. In addition to precision livestock farming (PLF), these include other relevant technologies, namely omics and other areas of relevance in small-ruminant extensive production: heat stress, colostrum intake, passive immunity, newborn survival, biomarkers of metabolic disease diagnosis, and parasite resistance breeding. This work shows the substantial, dynamic nature of the scientific community to contribute to solutions that make extensive production systems of sheep and goats more sustainable, efficient, and aligned with current concerns with the environment and welfareSIThe CECAV authors acknowledge financial support of the research unit, which was financed by the National Funds from FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), project number UIDB/CVT/00772/2020. Financial support from FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal) in the form of infrastructural funding to LEAF (UID/AGR/04129) and PhD grants SFRH/BD/143992/2019 (DM Ribeiro) and 2021.07638.BD (L Sacarrão-Birrento). Author L.E.H.C. acknowledges funding from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) (RYC2019- 027064-I/AEI/10.13039/501100011033