DETERMINANTS OF OUTSOURCING PRODUCTION: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach for Manufacturing Industries

The present paper investigates the determinants of outsourcing production using a panel of 93 Spanish manufacturing industries for the period 1993-2002. Outsourcing is measured as production tasks which are contracting out to independent suppliers, a more direct and suitable indicator. After controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity, our results show a high persistence of the outsourcing intensity. Moreover, outsourcing of production is positively related to unit labour costs, skills requirements and national ownership.Outsourcing, Manufacturing Industries, Subcontracting, Unit Labour Costs

Foreign direct investment and regional growth: An analysis of the Spanish case

The massive increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows following the Spanish integration with the now European Union (EU) in 1986, has been one of the most important features shaping the behaviour of the Spanish economy in the last twenty years. In this paper we will try to assess the impact of FDI on regional economic growth following Spain’s entry into the EU, using data for the 17 Spanish regions. The results support the important role played by FDI in promoting productivity growth, for those regions that received higher FDI inflows over the period analyzed.Economic growth, Foreign direct investment, Regions

Explaining factors of transnational production networks in the EU: core economies versus eastern and soutern peripheries

Este trabajo analiza la estrategia de fragmentación internacional de la producción y la conformación de redes transnacionales en la Unión Europea. A partir de la estimación, con diferentes técnicas, de un modelo de gravedad con datos de comercio de partes y componentes para el sector de la maquinaria y material de transporte, encontramos el papel protagonista que tienen las economías Centrales, y en particular Alemania, en tales redes. Factores como la pertenencia a la UE, la cercanía geográfica y lingüística y la calidad institucional más directamente vinculada al funcionamiento de sector empresarial favorecen el establecimiento y la intensidad de estas cadenas transnacionales de producción. Sin embargo, las diferencias económicas excesivas entre países suponen un lastre cuando se trata de los países Centrales de la UE, mientras que para los países de la Periferia Sur y Este suponen un impulso, apuntando al diferente perfil de integración en redes de unas y otras economíasThis paper focuses on analyzing the strategy of international fragmentation of production and the evolution of the cross-border networks in the European Union. Using a gravity model for trade in parts and components in Machinery and Transport Equipment, our results emphasize the important role of the Core EU economies, in particular Germany, in these networks. Factors such as belonging to the EU as well as the geographical and linguistic proximity and the institutional quality closely linked to the business sector favor the establishment and the intensity of the cross-border production chains. However, excessive economic differences between countries suppose, for the Core EU economies, an obstacle for the functioning of these sharing production networks, whereas for the East and South Periphery those differences suppose an impulse, pointing at the dissimilar profile of these areas (Core and Periphery) in the integration in global network

Humanistic Education in Spanish Context. Its Value in the Secondary Classroom

In this paper, we report the fíndings of a coUaborative case study where an English teacher in the Spanish secondary school uses humanistic exercises to enhance motivation. Data coUection procedures such as audio-recorded lessons, language tests and motivation questionnaires were used leading to both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results indicate the usefiílness of these humanistic activities as key elements in fostering the type of meaningfiíl contextual interaction that promotes high motivation and selectivo attention. They also generated a sense of community and the emergence of coUaborative relationships. Therefore, more oral contributions in the target language were observed as leamers exhibited interest in expressing their feeling and thoughts

The case of Spain, 1995-2011

In this paper, we analyse the impact on domestic employment resulting from outward FDI performed by Spanish firms, using industry data for the period 1995-2011. Together with the effects on total employment, we differentiate the effects according to the particular groups of countries and activities to which those FDI outflows are addressed. In addition, the impact of outward FDI on the demand for labour is also analysed separately for high and low skill levels of the labour force

Exit from Exporting: Does Engagement in Transnational Networks Matter?

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the probability of ceasing exports is lower for firms that are integrated in transnational production chains, once other firm characteristics are controlled for. On the basis of the estimation of a random-effects probit model with panel data, we find that the superior characteristics of firms involved in global networks (in terms of productivity, foreign ownership and skilled labor) explain their greater resistance to losing their status as exporters. However, for small firms, even when these distinctive features are controlled for, integration in international networks plays an important role in continuing to export. Thus, it seems that small firms which participate in networks have an added advantage which enables them to confront the uncertainty of foreign markets in better conditions and translates to a lower likelihood that they will stop exporting

Exit from Exporting: Does Engagement in Transnational Networks Matter?

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the probability of ceasing exports is lower for firms that are integrated in transnational production chains, once other firm characteristics are controlled for. On the basis of the estimation of a random-effects probit model with panel data, we find that the superior characteristics of firms involved in global networks (in terms of productivity, foreign ownership and skilled labor) explain their greater resistance to losing their status as exporters. However, for small firms, even when these distinctive features are controlled for, integration in international networks plays an important role in continuing to export. Thus, it seems that small firms which participate in networks have an added advantage which enables them to confront the uncertainty of foreign markets in better conditions and translates to a lower likelihood that they will stop exporting

Revisión de pruebas psicológicas para niños validadas o estandarizadas en Colombia

71 Páginas.El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar las características psicométricas de las pruebas psicológicas, diseñadas para niños entre 6 y 12 años, que se encuentren validadas o estandarizadas en Colombia. Para realizar este proyecto se revisaron investigaciones de 113 universidades adscritas al Colegio Colombiano de Psicólogos, en las que se encontraron seis instrumentos que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Se concluye que las pruebas seleccionadas resultan válidas y estadísticamente confiables en la ciudad donde fueron analizadas. No se encuentran instrumentos que hayan sido estandarizados. La mayoría de las pruebas encontradas están enfocadas a evaluar trastornos del afecto, ansiedad y depresión

Do firms react to supply chain disruptions?

Since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption of supply chains has become a major concern for global firms. This article uses a representative sample of Spanish manufacturers that participate in global value chains to analyze whether firms are implementing strategies to respond to this concern. Using data for the period 2017?2022, we find that, on average, manufacturers have not increased the number of countries from which they source their input since the Covid-19 pandemic. Firms have not either shifted their imports to countries that are geographically and geopolitically close to Spain, and have not reshored imports. However, firms have significantly increased the stock of intermediates. Firms only diversify when they have one supplier, export to many destinations, and the imported input has a high risk of experiencing a supply chain disruption. Firms nearshore and friendshore when their main supplier is geographically distant.Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciónGobierno Vasco. Departamento de EducaciónComunidad de MadridGeneralitat Valencian