Using Machine Learning Tools to Classify Sustainability Levels in the Development of Urban Ecosystems

[EN] Different studies have been carried out to evaluate the progress made by countries and cities towards achieving sustainability to compare its evolution. However, the micro-territorial level, which encompasses a community perspective, has not been examined through a comprehensive forecasting method of sustainability categories with machine learning tools. This study aims to establish a method to forecast the sustainability levels of an urban ecosystem through supervised modeling. To this end, it was necessary to establish a set of indicators that characterize the dimensions of sustainable development, consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals. Using the data normalization technique to process the information and combining it in different dimensions made it possible to identify the sustainability level of the urban zone for each year from 2009 to 2017. The resulting information was the basis for the supervised classification. It was found that the sustainability level in the micro-territory has been improving from a low level in 2009, which increased to a medium level in the subsequent years. Forecasts of the sustainability levels of the zone were possible by using decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines, in which 70% of the data were used to train the machine learning tools, with the remaining 30% used for validation. According to the performance metrics, decision trees outperformed the other two tools.Molina-Gomez, NI.; Rodriguez-Rojas, K.; Calderón-Rivera, D.; Díaz Arévalo, JL.; López Jiménez, PA. (2020). Using Machine Learning Tools to Classify Sustainability Levels in the Development of Urban Ecosystems. Sustainability. 12(8):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083326S120128Shen, L., Kyllo, J., & Guo, X. (2013). An Integrated Model Based on a Hierarchical Indices System for Monitoring and Evaluating Urban Sustainability. Sustainability, 5(2), 524-559. doi:10.3390/su5020524Verma, P., & Raghubanshi, A. S. (2018). Urban sustainability indicators: Challenges and opportunities. Ecological Indicators, 93, 282-291. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.007Phillis, Y. A., Kouikoglou, V. S., & Verdugo, C. (2017). Urban sustainability assessment and ranking of cities. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 254-265. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.03.002Gerry Marten, Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development—Populations and Feedback Systemshttp://gerrymarten.com/ecologia-humana/capitulo02.htmlTanguay, G. A., Rajaonson, J., Lefebvre, J.-F., & Lanoie, P. (2010). Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators, 10(2), 407-418. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.07.013Mapar, M., Jafari, M. J., Mansouri, N., Arjmandi, R., Azizinejad, R., & Ramos, T. B. (2017). Sustainability indicators for municipalities of megacities: Integrating health, safety and environmental performance. Ecological Indicators, 83, 271-291. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.012Rajaonson, J., & Tanguay, G. A. (2017). A sensitivity analysis to methodological variation in indicator-based urban sustainability assessment: a Quebec case study. Ecological Indicators, 83, 122-131. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.050Dizdaroglu, D. (2015). Developing micro-level urban ecosystem indicators for sustainability assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 54, 119-124. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2015.06.004Niemeijer, D., & de Groot, R. S. (2008). A conceptual framework for selecting environmental indicator sets. Ecological Indicators, 8(1), 14-25. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.11.012Scipioni, A., Mazzi, A., Mason, M., & Manzardo, A. (2009). The Dashboard of Sustainability to measure the local urban sustainable development: The case study of Padua Municipality. Ecological Indicators, 9(2), 364-380. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.05.002Hák, T., Janoušková, S., & Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals: A need for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, 60, 565-573. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.003Sotelo, J. A., Tolón, A., & Lastra, X. (2011). Indicadores por y para el desarrollo sostenible, un estudio de caso. Estudios Geográficos, 72(271), 611-654. doi:10.3989/estgeogr.201124Feleki, E., Vlachokostas, C., & Moussiopoulos, N. (2018). Characterisation of sustainability in urban areas: An analysis of assessment tools with emphasis on European cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 43, 563-577. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.025Ocampo, L., Ebisa, J. A., Ombe, J., & Geen Escoto, M. (2018). Sustainable ecotourism indicators with fuzzy Delphi method – A Philippine perspective. Ecological Indicators, 93, 874-888. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.060Torres-Delgado, A., & López Palomeque, F. (2018). The ISOST index: A tool for studying sustainable tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 281-289. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.05.005Cui, X., Fang, C., Liu, H., & Liu, X. (2019). Assessing sustainability of urbanization by a coordinated development index for an Urbanization-Resources-Environment complex system: A case study of Jing-Jin-Ji region, China. Ecological Indicators, 96, 383-391. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.009Saaty, R. W. (1987). The analytic hierarchy process—what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling, 9(3-5), 161-176. doi:10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8Cortes, C., & Vapnik, V. (1995). Support-vector networks. Machine Learning, 20(3), 273-297. doi:10.1007/bf00994018R package version 6.0-72https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=caretnnet: Feed-Forward Neural Networks and Multinomial Log-Linear Modelshttps://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nnet/index.htmle1071: Misc Functions of the Department of Statistics, Probability Theory Group (Formerly: E1071), TU Wienhttps://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/e1071/index.htm

Analysis of incidence of air quality on human health: a case study on the relationship between pollutant concentrations and respiratory diseases in Kennedy, Bogotá

[EN] Thousands of deaths associated with air pollution each year could be prevented by forecasting the behavior of factors that pose risks to people's health and their geographical distribution. Proximity to pollution sources, degree of urbanization, and population density are some of the factors whose spatial distribution enables the identification of possible influence on the presence of respiratory diseases (RD). Currently, Bogota is among the cities with the poorest air quality in Latin America. Specifically, the locality of Kennedy is one of the zones in the city with the highest recorded concentration levels of local pollutants over the last 10 years. From 2009 to 2016, there were 8619 deaths associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the locality. Given these characteristics, this study set out to identify and analyze the areas in which the primary socioeconomic and environmental conditions contribute to the presence of symptoms associated with RD. To this end, information collected in field by performing georeferenced surveys was analyzed through geostatistical and machine learning tools which carried out cluster and pattern analyses. Random forests and AdaBoost were applied to establish hot spots where RD could occur, given the conjugation of predictor variables in the micro-territory. It was found that random forests outperformed AdaBoost with 0.63 AUC. In particular, this study's approach applies to densely populated municipalities with high levels of air pollution. In using these tools, municipalities can anticipate environmental health situations and reduce the cost of respiratory disease treatments.Many thanks to the members of the Intelligence and Territorial Analysis Group of the Universidad Santo Tomás for their collaboration in conducting the fieldwork.Molina-Gomez, NI.; Calderón-Rivera, DS.; Sierra-Parada, R.; Díaz Arévalo, JL.; López Jiménez, PA. (2021). 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Environ Sci Processes Impacts 15:996–1005. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em30890aPolezer G, Tadano YS, Siqueira HV, Godoi AFL, Yamamoto CI, de André PA, Pauliquevis T, Andrade MF, Oliveira A, Saldiva PHN, Taylor PE, Godoi RHM (2018) Assessing the impact of PM2.5 on respiratory disease using artificial neural networks. Environ Pollut 235:394–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.111Ramírez O, Sánchez de la Campa AM, Amato F, Catacolí RA, Rojas NY, de la Rosa J (2018) Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 at an urban background site in a high–altitude Latin American megacity (Bogota, Colombia). Environ Pollut 233:142–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.045Reid CE, Jerrett M, Tager IB, Petersen ML, Mann JK, Balmes JR (2016) Differential respiratory health effects from the 2008 northern California wildfires: a spatiotemporal approach. 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Somatic growth and age of selected commercial fish species of the Cullera Coast, Iberian Peninsula, south-east Spain

[EN] This work provides data on the somatic growth and age of selected commercial fish species of the Cullera Coast, Spain. The biological information available that permits responsible fishery management of these species is relatively scarce. This study was conducted in the Bay of Cullera, Spain (39 degrees 12' to 38 degrees 59' N; 0 degrees 09' to 0 degrees 15' W) and selected benthic fish species were analysed that are frequently fished by trammel nets (mesh size 28-76 mm) at a maximum depth of 30 m. Maturity, age and growth of 63 torpedoes (Torpedo torpedo); 115 red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa); 280 red mullets (Mullus surmuletus); 139 stargazers (Uranoscopus scaber) and 476 Portuguese soles (Dagetichthys lusitanicus) were analysed. The data obtained in this study revealed that 50% of individuals of all species reached sexual maturity at TL (total length) of 20.0-36.5 cm and at an age of 2-6 years. The von Bertalanffy growth equation derived were: TL=37.0 [1 - e((-0.2(t+0.33)))]; TL=31.5 [1 - e((-0.38(t+0.54)))]; TL=35.5 [1 - e((-0.2(t+2.08)))] and TL=34.3[1 - e((-0.14(t+2.16)))] for S. scrofa, M. surmuletus; U. scaber and D. lusitanicus respectively.The authors are grateful to Cullera's artisanal fishermen for their support in fish sample collection, Gloria Cantos for her atssistance with sample processing and Roman Porras for his help with identification. We are grateful to the Department of Territory and Housing, Valencian Governmen, the University of Buenos Aires and, to the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) for the financial support to this project.Jaramillo-Londono, A.; Volpedo De Thompson, AV.; Díaz Arévalo, JL.; Rodrigo Santamalia, ME.; Benedito Durá, V. (2019). Somatic growth and age of selected commercial fish species of the Cullera Coast, Iberian Peninsula, south-east Spain. Indian Journal of Fisheries. 66(3):12-23. https://doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.3.76966-02S122366

Influence of the microstructure and roughness of weakness planes on the strength anisotropy of a foliated clay-rich fault gouge

Cataclastic rocks, as clay-rich fault gouges, are commonly present in brittle rock masses when fault zones appear during geological engineering projects. Highly deformed rocks that are of poor mechanical quality can lead to technical, safety, and economic problems in rock engineering. The aim of this study is to characterise the resistant behaviour of a highly deformed clay-rich gouge >40 m wide with a marked tectonic fabric that indicates strength anisotropy. We present the results of consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial tests that were performed at low confining pressures (50, 150, and 300 kPa) on several sets of foliated gouge specimens with four different orientations in the tectonic fabric. Specimens were collected from the encapsulated rock cores of two research boreholes drilled through the Alhama de Murcia Fault (AMF), a main regional fault located in SE Spain. The strain–stress relationships and failure modes were established, indicating that the gouge behaves as hard soil or very soft rock. The test results were adjusted at each orientation using the non-linear Hoek and Brown criteria by considering the fault gouge as an intact material or as a tectonised rockmass. Here, we use the Geological Strength Index (GSI) as an indicator of the rockmass strength that depends on the direction of the tectonic fabric. However, the results from specimens with tectonic fabric that is oriented most favourably for failure were not the weakest in terms of rock strength. Such an anomalous result could be the result of asymmetry in the roughness of the weakness planes that is related to the original gouge microstructure characterised by the strong reorientation of clays in an S-C′ like tectonic fabric. Our results will be useful for practical applications that are related to the stability of slopes and/or shallow underground excavations in brittle fault zones, and provide an inexpensive and easy way to preliminarily evaluate the anisotropic behaviour of this type of brittle fault zones for future engineering projects

The Caldera. No. 16

Cuando hablamos de paz, generalmente asociamos el vocablo con adjetivos, momentos, experiencias que nos produzcan un estado de relajación, de calma, de quietud; es decir, la zozobra, la inquietud e incluso, el debate, serían antónimos de paz: Este año nuestra querida Institución Educativa se ha propuesto marcar la pauta en este tema; por tal razón, se ha implementado, dentro de los diferentes espacios pedagógicos que disfrutan nuestros educandos, la “CÁTEDRA DE LA PAZ”, como una alternativa viable, que les permita a nuestros estudiantes, desde los primeros años de preescolar, hasta los últimos de bachillerato, lograr acercamientos a distintas situaciones cotidianas, que hacen parte de nuestra condición humana y permanente de seres comunicativos y sociales; por tanto, las aulas de clase, los distintos escenarios en los que nos movemos deben convertirse en espacios en los que se deben llegar a establecer acuerdos que nos permitan ambientes, de estudio, de trabajo, de recreación, aún más agradables y cordiales.Biografías: Steve Jobs, John Lennon; Por: Javier Felipe Molina Salazar e Isabella Polo García…04 II Concurso Intercolegiado de Oratoria “Literatura y paz” “El arte de leer”; Por: Mariana Alejandra Galvis M. …08 Deporte en el Instituto Caldas Instituto Caldas: Subcampeón Departamental de Baloncesto…10 El pequeño gran ajedrecista; Por: Sebastián Felipe Blanco…11 Escritores memorables, Kafka; Por: Daniel José Galvis Jaimes…12 Proyectos Pedagógicos (Preescolar); Por: Slendy Pinzón González…15 Talentos caldistas…16 Reloj Solar 2014…20 Expresiones caldistas…22 Galería de Imágenes…29When we speak of peace, we generally associate the word with adjectives, moments, experiences that produce us a state of relaxation, calm, and stillness; that is to say, anxiety, concern and even debate, would be antonyms for peace: This year our beloved Educational Institution has proposed to set the standard on this issue; For this reason, the "CHAIR OF PEACE" has been implemented within the different pedagogical spaces that our students enjoy, as a viable alternative that allows our students, from the first years of preschool, to the last years of high school, achieve approaches to different daily situations, which are part of our human and permanent condition of communicative and social beings; therefore, the classrooms, the different settings in which we move, must become spaces in which agreements must be reached that allow us environments, study, work, recreation, even more pleasant and cordial

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Minería de Texto y Aprendizaje Automático para Identificar Prioridades de Desarrollo Sostenible

Alrededor del término desarrollo sostenible se han generado planes, programas y estrategias enfocados en la satisfacción de las necesidades de las generaciones del presente sin limitar la satisfacción de las necesidades de las generaciones futuras. Bajo este fin, los gobiernos a nivel mundial han realizado importantes esfuerzos, por un lado, para alcanzar los objetivos del milenio y por otro lado, ahora en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). El gobierno colombiano asume el desafío de garantizar el logro de una vida sana para sus habitantes, la cual requiere de la interconexión e integralidad de los ODS. A nivel urbano se incluyen, entre otros desafíos, la mejora en los indicadores de salud, asociados a la contaminación del aire y que son alcanzables desde un marco de política. Para su logro requiere de la participación de los grupos de interés encabezados por la comunidad. Este estudio analizó la información publicada en diversos medios de comunicación virtuales, del orden nacional en el periodo 2009 a 2017; se aplicaron técnicas de minería de texto y herramientas de aprendizaje automático, mediante el uso del software R. Se identificaron temas centrales, sobre los cuales el país y su ciudad capital han prestado relevancia desde los medios de comunicación. Fue posible conocer el alcance en la divulgación de los retos, avances y oportunidades con la implementación de los Objetivos del Milenio, de los ODS y el papel de la calidad del aire. Se encontró que el desarrollo sostenible no presenta mayor divulgación en los medios; y la sostenibilidad se relaciona principalmente a la biodiversidad y las actividades financieras. Los esfuerzos se concentran en información específica y es escasa la divulgación de los retos, metas y avances en ODS. Aunque la calidad del aire es un tema de interés, no presentó un papel relevante, tal como lo soportan los hechos de seguridad, pobreza, educación y calidad de vida. Un análisis de este tipo permite establecer las prioridades temáticas, de información y de desarrollo político tendencial, divulgados a la comunidad, como actor sobre quien recae la implementación de los lineamientos de política

Evidences of Active faulting and folding in the northern edge of the Guadalquivir Basin

Se presenta una serie de evidencias estructurales y geomorfológicas que apoyan la existencia de estructuras compresivas con actividad post-Tortoniense y que afectan a la red fluvial cuaternaria a lo largo del borde NO de la cuenca del Guadalquivir, en el sector de Palma del Río (Córdoba). Se trata de una serie de suaves anticlinales asimétricos de orientación entre ESE-ONO y ENE-OSO y vergencia norte, marcadas en el paisaje por la morfología controlada por las calcarenitas del Tortoniense Superior, posiblemente asociadas a la actividad de fallas inversas de orientación Bética ENE-OSO, y a la reactivación neotectónica de estructuras antiguas de orientación varisca. Se ha estimado una tasa preliminar de levantamiento tectónico de algunas de ellas y se describen afecciones a la red fluvial cuaternaria que apoyan la vigencia de su actividad, lo que contribuye al entendimiento del régimen tectónico actual y aporta datos de interés para los estudios de riesgo sísmico en la zona.We present structural and geomorphological evidence supporting the existence of post-Tortonian compressional structures that are also affecting the present fluvial network along the NW edge of the Guadalquivir basin in the Palma del Río sector. They are a series of gentle asymmetric anticlines verging north, oriented ESE-ONO to ENE-OSO and marked in the landscape by the morphology controlled by the Late Tortonian calcarenites. They are possibly associated with fault propagation folds related to reverse faults of Betic orientation and by the neotectonic reactivation of older structures with Variscan ONO-ESE orientation. A preliminary rate of tectonic uplift for some of these structures has been estimated. Deformation and deflections affecting the present fluvial network support a very recent age for this activity. These data contribute to the understanding of the current tectonic regime and provides valuable data for seismic risk assessments in the region.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu