Response to Letter to the Editor: Systemic Adiponectin Values in Humans Require Standardized Units

Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Postgrad Program Nutr, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biosci, Postgrad Program Nutr, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUNIFESP EPM, Postgrad Program Interdisciplinary Hlth Sci, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Postgrad Program Nutr, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biosci, Postgrad Program Nutr, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUNIFESP EPM, Postgrad Program Interdisciplinary Hlth Sci, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Efecto de un Programa de Entrenamiento Aeróbico sobre las Características Histológicas y Morfológicas del Músculo Tibial Anterior de Ratas Alimentadas con Dietas Elevadas en Grasa

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high fat diet and different frequencies of swimming programs in the tibial anterior muscle in male Wistar rats. In conclussion, the aerobic training during two days/week and five days/week caused injuries in muscle fibers and the high fat diet did not cause statically significant results compared to normal diet.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Med Sch, Dept Biosci, UNIFESP, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP EPM, Dept Exercise Physiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Western Sao Paulo UNOESTE, Dept Histol, Sao Paulo, BrazilSao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Morphol, Biosci Inst, Sao Paulo, BrazilSao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Phys Educ, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Med Sch, Dept Biosci, UNIFESP, BR-04020060 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP EPM, Dept Exercise Physiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Evaluation of dietary patterns among individuals submitted to bariatric surgery

Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Med Sch UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USAHosp Clin UFPR, Bariatr Surg Serv, Curitiba, Parana, BrazilFed Univ Parana UFPR, Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Med Sch UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Effects of Different Physical Exercises on Leptin Concentration in Obese Adolescents

In order to compare the effects of leisure physical activity (LPA), aerobic training (AT) and aerobic plus resistance training (AT+RT) as part of a 6-month interdisciplinary therapy in body composition, insulin resistance and leptin concentrations in obese adolescents, 72 volunteers (n=24 in each group) ages 15-19 years were evaluated. Delta () body mass (kg) and BMI (kg/m(2)) was different between AT and LPA groups and in AT+RT group compared to both LPA and AT groups; body fat mass (kg and %) was different only in AT+RT group compared to both LPA and AT; body lean mass (%) was different only in AT+RT group; body lean mass (kg) was negative only in AT and positive and different from AT in AT+RT group; HOMA-IR did not differ among groups; leptin (ng/ml) was negative and different from LPA for both AT and AT+RT groups. in conclusion, both AT and AT+RT promoted a reduction on leptin levels, however, the adolescents subjected to AT+RT presented better results in body composition than the AT group. These results highlight the importance of associating aerobic and resistance training with nutritional and psychological approaches in the treatment of obese adolescents.AFIPCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CEPECEMSAUNIFESP-EPMFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Programa Posgrad Nutr, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Programa Posgrad Nutr, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilCAPES: AUX-PE-PNPD 2566/2011FAPESP: 1998/14302-3FAPESP: 2006/00684-3FAPESP: 2008/53069-0FAPESP: 2011/50356-0FAPESP: 2011/50414-0Web of Scienc

Insulin resistance can impair reduction on carotid intima-media thickness in obese adolescents

BACKGROUND: The atherosclerotic process at the endothelial level begins in early ages and seems to be associated with obesity and its comorbidities as insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of insulin resistance on inflammatory and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis in obese adolescents. METHODS: Sixty-six post-pubescent obese adolescents were divided in two groups according to homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) measurement: with insulin resistance (IR) n=39 and without insulin resistance (NIR) n=27, and submitted to an interdisciplinary intervention over the course of 1 year. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT), visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue was determined by ultrasound. Body composition, blood pressure, HOMA-IR, lipid profile and adipokines concentrations [leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type (PAI-1)] were analyzed before and after the therapy. RESULTS: Both groups presented significant improvements in body composition, inflammatory state (reduction of leptin and PAI-1 concentration; increasing of plasma adiponectin) and reduction of cIMT. Only NIR group showed positive correlation between changes in visceral fat (∆Visceral) and changes in cIMT (∆ cIMT) (r = 0.42; p < 0.05). Simple linear regression analyze revealed ∆Visceral to be an independent predictor to reduction of cIMT in this group (R2 adjusted = 0.14, p = 0.04). The final values of cIMT remained significantly higher in IR group when compared to NIR group. CONCLUSION: The presence of insulin resistance can impair changes in cIMT leading to early development of atherosclerosis in obese adolescents submitted to an interdisciplinary intervention..FUNDAMENTO: O processo aterosclerótico no nível endotelial começa em idade precoce e parece estar associado com a obesidade e suas comorbidades como a resistência insulínica. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da resistência insulínica em marcadores inflamatórios e subclínicos de aterosclerose em adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e seis adolescentes obesos pós-púberes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o índice de resistência insulínica estimado pelo Modelo de Avaliação da Homeostase (HOMA-RI): com resistência insulínica (RI) n = 39 e sem resistência insulínica (NRI) n = 27, e foram submetidos a uma intervenção interdisciplinar ao longo de um ano. A espessura mediointimal da artéria carótida comum (EMIC), e o tecido adiposo visceral e subcutâneo foram determinados por ultrassonografia. A composição corporal, pressão arterial, índice HOMA-RI, perfil lipídico e as concentrações de adipocinas [leptina, adiponectina, e inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1)] foram analisados antes e após a terapia. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhoras significativas na composição corporal, estado inflamatório (redução da concentração de leptina e PAI 1; aumento de adiponectina plasmática) e redução da EMIC. Apenas o grupo NRI mostrou correlação positiva entre as alterações na gordura visceral (∆Visceral) e mudanças na EMIC (∆ EMIC) (r = 0,42, p < 0,05). A análise por regressão linear simples revelou o ∆Visceral ser um preditor independente para a redução da EMIC nesse grupo (R2 ajustado = 0,14, p = 0,04). Os valores finais da EIMC permaneceram significativamente maiores no grupo RI, quando comparado com grupo NRI. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de resistência insulínica pode prejudicar mudanças na EMIC levando ao desenvolvimento precoce da aterosclerose em adolescentes obesos submetidos a uma intervenção interdisciplinar

Metabolic and nutritional profile of obese adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background: the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing due to its prevalence in obesity, diabetes, and insulin-resistance syndrome. the best treatment protocol for NAFLD has not been determined. However, there is evidence that exercise and nutritional intervention can improve and prevent it. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the dietary and metabolic profiles of obese adolescents with NAFLD who participated in a multidisciplinary program.Patients and Methods: We studied 43 adolescents ages 15 to 19 years (17.18 +/- 1.66 years) with a body mass index (BMI) >= 30, consisting of 30 patients without NAFLD (BMI = 35.80 +/- 3.44 kg/m(2)) and 13 with NAFLD (BMI=33.4 +/- 2.34kg/m(2)). the NAFLD diagnosis was determined by ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected to analyze glycemia, hepatic aminotransferase levels, and lipid profiles. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment insulin-resistance index (HOMA-IR). the analyses of baseline and postintervention food intake were made by a 3-day inquiry.Results: At baseline conditions, the patients with NAFLD showed significant differences in body mass, BMI, and visceral and subcutaneous fat. Glucose and visceral and subcutaneous fat presented a significant reduction after treatment in patients with NAFLD. Analyzing the food intake, at baseline we observed a positive correlation between the visceral obesity and lipid consumption only in patients with NAFLD. We also observed significant decrease in energy and cholesterol consumption in patients with NAFLD after the multidisciplinary therapy.Conclusions: the intervention promoted a decrease in the prevalence of NAFLD, a significant decrease in visceral obesity, and improved HOMA-IR, glycemia, and serum lipid levels that are risk factors for NAFLD. in summary, the multidisciplinary program is essential in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Platelet and leptin in obese adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of obesity status on immune cell count and concentration of the hormones cortisol and leptin, in order to establish a relationship among the variables analyzed. METHODS: We recruited 27 obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile[ and 21 non-obese (BMI ≤ 75th percentile) adolescent boys and girls, aged 15-19 years at the post-pubertal stage. BMI was calculated as body weight divided by height squared, and body composition was estimated by plethysmography in the Bod PodTM system. Blood samples were collected to analyze leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, cortisol, and leptin. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, followed by the independent Student t test in case of normal distribution. Significance values were set at p < 0.05 and expressed as means ± standard deviation. The statistical package SPSS for Windows version 12.0 was used. RESULTS: There was no difference between obese and non-obese adolescents in terms of leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and cortisol serum concentrations. The group of obese adolescents presented higher platelet and leptin concentrations (p < 0.01). The prevalence of hyperleptinemia was 25.92% in the obese adolescents (15.38% in boys and 35.7% in girls). CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents have higher platelet and leptin concentrations in comparison with non-obese adolescents. It was also found that obese girls presented a higher prevalence of hyperleptinemia than obese boys.OBJETIVOS: Analisar a influência de obesidade na contagem de células imunológicas e na concentração dos hormônios cortisol e leptina, a fim de estabelecer uma relação entre as variáveis analisadas. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 27 adolescentes obesos [índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ percentil 95[ e 21 não-obesos (IMC ≤ percentil 75), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, na fase pós-púbere. O IMC foi calculado através da divisão do peso pela altura ao quadrado e a composição corporal foi estimada por pletismografia no sistema Bod PodTM. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos, monócitos, plaquetas, cortisol e leptina. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado, seguido pelo teste t de Student independente supondo distribuição normal. O nível de significância estabelecido foi p < 0,05 e expresso como média ± desvio padrão. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa SPSS para Windows versão 12.0. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre o grupo obeso e o não-obeso na concentração sérica de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos, monócitos e cortisol. O grupo de adolescentes obesos apresentou maiores concentrações de plaquetas e leptina (p < 0,01). A prevalência de hiperleptinemia foi de 25,92% nos adolescentes obesos (15,38%, sexo masculino e 35,7%, feminino). CONCLUSÕES: Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram maiores concentrações de plaquetas e leptina em comparação aos não-obesos. Observou-se que as adolescentes obesas apresentaram maior prevalência de hiperleptinemia do que os adolescentes obesos

Different metabolic responses induced by long-term interdisciplinary therapy in obese adolescents related to ACE I/D polymorphism

Introduction: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene might affect metabolic changes related to the metabolic syndrome through a long-term interdisciplinary therapy in obese adolescents. Methods: In total, 125 obese adolescents who entered the interdisciplinary obesity programme were assigned to the following two subgroups: metabolic syndrome or non-metabolic syndrome. They were evaluated at baseline and after 1 year. Genomic DNA was extracted from circulating leukocytes. Results: Subjects with the II genotype in the non-metabolic syndrome group were only to increase their fat-free mass after therapy. Regarding lipid profile, subjects with ID and DD genotypes from both groups reduced their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels significantly. The metabolic parameters from the ID and DD genotypes of the non-metabolic syndrome group showed a significantly improved insulin response. Conclusion: In the present study, we showed that the ACE polymorphism was able to influence the fat-free mass in the I-carry allele in the non-metabolic syndrome group positively. In addition, the I-carry allele was able to improve the insulin resistance of the metabolic syndrome group significantly. These results suggest that the ACE I/D genotypes can influence, in different ways, the specific parameters of metabolism among obese adolescents submitted for long-term interdisciplinary therapy.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)AFIPUNIFESP-EPMConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biophys, 669 Pedro de Toledo St,9th, BR-04039032 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Postgrad Program Nutr, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Biophys, 669 Pedro de Toledo St,9th, BR-04039032 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Postgrad Program Nutr, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, Sao Paulo, BrazilCAPES: AUX-PE-PNPD 256/2011FAPESP: 2015/20082-7FAPESP: 2013/041364FAPESP: 2011/50356-0FAPESP: 2011/50414-0CNPq: 141533/2012-9Web of Scienc

Prevalence of normal weight obesity in Switzerland: effects of various definitions

Background: normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI&lt;25 kg/m2), but its prevalence in the general population is unknown. Objective: to assess the prevalence of NWO in Switzerland according to different cut points used to define excess body fat. Design: cross-sectional study including 3,213 women and 2,912 men aged 35-75 years. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance and prevalence of NWO was assessed using four previously published definitions for excess body fat. Results: % body fat increased with age: in men, the values (mean SD) were 20.2 5.4, 23.0 5.4, 26.3 5.2 and 28.2 4.6 for age groups [35 - 44], [45 - 54], [55 - 64] and [65 - 75] years, respectively; the corresponding values for women were 29.9 7.8, 33.1 7.4, 36.7 7.5 and 39.6 6.9. In men, prevalence of NWO was &lt;1% irrespective of the definition used. Conversely, in women, a one to twenty fold difference (from 1.4% to 27.8%) in NWO prevalence was found. The prevalence of NWO increased with age when age-independent cut points were used in women, but not in men. Conclusions: prevalence of NWO is low in the general population and higher in women than in men. The prevalence is highly dependent on the criteria used to define excess body fat, namely in women. The use of gender- and age-specific cut points to define excess body fat is better than fixed or gender-specific only cut points

The role of free fatty acids in the inflammatory and cardiometabolic profile in adolescents with metabolic syndrome engaged in interdisciplinary therapy

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if interdisciplinary therapy can influence the cardiometabolic and serum free fatty acid profile. The second aim was to evaluate if there is an association between serum free fatty acids, inflammation and cardiometabolic biomarkers in obese adolescents with and without metabolic syndrome submitted to a long-term interdisciplinary therapy. The study involved 108 postpuberty obese adolescents, who were divided according to metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosis: MetS (n=32) and Non-MetS (n=76). The interdisciplinary therapy consisted of a 1-year period of nutrition, psychology, physical exercise and clinical support. After therapy, both groups improved metabolic, inflammatory (leptin, adiponectin, leptin/adiponectin ratio, adiponectin/leptin ratio and C-reactive protein) and cardiometabolic profile (PAI-1 and ICAM). Metabolic syndrome prevalence reduced from 28.70% to 12.96%. Both groups reduced myristic acid (C14:0) and increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3), heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA, C21:5n3) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n6). After adjustment for metabolic syndrome and the number of metabolic syndrome parameters, multiple regression analysis showed that changes in VCAM and PAI-1 were negatively associated with changes in cis-linoleic acid (C18:2n6c). Additionally, changes in trans-linoleic acid (C18:2n6t) were also positively associated with these biomarkers. Moreover, leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio were negatively associated with changes in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n3) and stearidonic acid (SDA, C18:4n3). Adiponectin/leptin ratio was positively associated with docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n3). Changes in adiponectin were positively correlated with changes in omega 3, such as heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA, C21:5n3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n3). Results support that interdisciplinary therapy can control inflammatory and cardiometabolic profile in obese adolescents. Moreover, serum fatty acids can be influenced by lifestyle changes and are able to modulate these biomarkers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)AFIPCEPECEMSAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Programa Posgrad Nutr, Sao Paulo, BrazilCtr Univ Sao Camilo, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Lab Fisiol Nutr, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Fisiol Geral, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, BrazilWeight Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Programa Posgrad Nutr, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 141533/2012-9CNPq: 300654/2013-8CAPES: AUX-PE-PNPD 2566/2011FAPESP: 2011/50356-0FAPESP: 2011/50414-0FAPESP: 2013/041364Web of Scienc