Reproduction in Small Ruminants (Goats)

The exploitation of small ruminants (goat and sheep) has always been linked to the development of human civilizations, where they have mainly fed on their derived products such as milk and meat. Currently, the sheep population is around 1 billion head concentrated above 50% in three countries, China, Australia, and New Zealand, contrary to goats with around 720 million heads, distributed mainly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Both species have similar characteristics in some anatomical aspects (a pair of nipples), gestation period (150 days), and presence of seasonal anestrus, differing in terms of magnitude and depth and presence of the male effect. However, they are completely different in feeding habits, nutrient needs, and grazing systems, with differences in terms of the female’s reproductive tract, among other characteristics. Currently, the study of reproduction has intensified over the years in the goats and its counterpart that is the buck. Therefore, in the following topics, the importance of global reproduction of the goat will be discussed, considering that progress has been made today in the application of third generation reproductive techniques and that today they are already consolidated and developed in the bovine species

Reproduction in Goats

Reproductive activity of the goat begins when the females reach puberty, which happens at 5 months of age. The ovarian or estrous cycle is the period between two consecutive estrus. It is also the time that lasts the development of the follicle in the ovary, until rupture occurs and ovulation takes place, which coincides with the appearance of estrus. This chapter will describe the physiological and endocrinological bases of estrus in the goat. Likewise, factors affecting the presence of estrus and ovulation will be described. At another point, synchronization of estrus and ovulation, factors affecting the presence of estrus and external symptoms of estrus, will be described. To achieve synchronization of estrus or induction of ovulation within or outside the breeding season, it may be necessary to manage light hours, male effect, and/or use of hormones. The importance of artificial insemination is described, as well as the current situation of this technique worldwide. Currently, the techniques of artificial insemination in goats have been limited worldwide, due to the lack of resources of producers and trained technicians. The techniques of artificial insemination with estrous synchronization programs and ovulation with current research results will be described

Evaluación de prefactibilidad de una empresa de acabados arquitectónicos enfocada en Vivienda de Interés Social (VIS) en la ciudad de Bogotá, mediante la utilización de la metodología ONUDI

La iniciativa de crear empresa ha aumentado en los últimos años, especialmente en Colombia, donde existe una gran capacidad para la creación de negocios, pero esta puede estar siendo subexplotada, debido a la escasa información o al miedo a la forma de emprender. Igualmente, hay que tener en cuenta la realidad del país en relación con algunos aspectos que se quiere abordar en esta investigación: en primer lugar, la informalidad, la ventaja o la desventaja que puede representar tener una empresa legalmente constituida, la rentabilidad y la competitividad en los precios cuando se compara la carga administrativa e impositiva que requiere una empresa formalmente constituida versus una que no lo está; y en segundo lugar, el análisis de la prefactibilidad que pueda tener una empresa, con el objetivo de realizar el mejoramiento o la remodelación de acabados arquitectónicos en viviendas de interés social (VIS), que han representado un eje importantísimo en el crecimiento del país desde la década de los ochenta, ya que generan beneficios para la economía por doble vía. El sector de la construcción requiere de un consumo masivo de mano de obra; por eso, genera empleo y propicia un círculo virtuoso en la economía. Por otro lado, se cuenta con beneficios que ayudan a que cada vez más colombianos accedan a una vivienda propia nueva, y de esta manera se abre el nicho de mercado que se explora en la presente investigación, teniendo en cuenta factores como la inflación, el confort que pueden obtener las personas cuando compran una vivienda y el desarrollo que puede tener esta en la economía del país.Given the initiative to create a company in recent years, especially in Colombia, where there is great capacity for business creation, but it may be underexploited. Given the little information or fear in the way of undertaking, there is also the reality of the country in which two aspects that want to be dealt with in this investigation are evident, one of them is informality, the advantage or disadvantage that having a legally constituted company, profitability and price competitiveness must be considered when comparing the administrative and tax burden required by a formally constituted company versus one that is not. The other topic that has been studied in this degree work proposal is the pre-feasibility analysis that a company may have with the aim of carrying out improvement or remodeling of architectural finishes in Social Interest Housing (VIS) currently, which has been a very important axis in the growth of the country since the 80's, since it has benefits for the economy in two ways. In the first instance, the construction sector is a sector that requires a massive consumption of labor, generating employment and fostering a virtuous circle in the economy, on the other hand, it has the benefits that seek that more and more Colombians have housing own new and therefore a market niche is opened that seeks to explore in the present investigation taking into account factors such as inflation, the comfort that people can reach when they buy a home and the development that it can have in the country's economy

Intense precipitation events in the Central Range of the Iberian Peninsula

Intense orographic precipitation associated with the Central Range was analysed using data of maximum accumulated precipitation in 24 h, occurring between 1958 and 2010. The 18 selected episodes were associated with a southwesterly tropospheric flow, a low-level jet, and high moisture flux at low levels. The observed moisture flux was higher than 100 (m g(s kg)−1) and the dry and wet Froude numbers were greater than 1. The selected area to study this synoptic situation was Gredos, broad and high range, which is located in the eastern part of the Central Range and generates a leeward “orographic shadow”. The effect of the Central Range on the spatial distribution of precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula plateau results in a sharp increase in precipitation in the south of the Central Range, followed by a decrease to the north of this range

Introducción al estudio de la transparencia atmosférica en Salamanca

[ES]Partiendo de obsérvaciones de radiación solar global diaria (G) recibida en Salamanca durante el período 1977-85 sobre una superficie horizontal, y calculando la radiación solar máxima recibida en el límite de la atmósfera (H0), se ha deducido un índice de claridad diario (K=G/H0 ), que indica el grado de transparencia atmosférica.[EN]Using nine years (1977-85) continuous records of daily global solar radiation (G) at Salamanca, and theoretical values of extraterrestrial solar radiation (H0) on a horizontal plane, the ratio of global to extraterrestrial solar radiation is presented (G/H0=K: daily clearness index)

Analiza učinkovitosti standardnoga protokola i nulti dan superovulacijskog protokola u koza burske pasmine

The aim of this research was to investigate the ovarian influence on the success of two superovulatory protocols in goats. Fifteen goats were used twice in the study in a crossover design: once within the control group where standard protocol was applied, and the other time in a modified, day 0 group, where no dominant follicle was present and the follicular cohort was homogenous (“Day 0 protocol”). All the animals were synchronized with vaginal pessaries and superovulated with 6 decreasing doses of pFSH. Although the day 0 protocol significantly decreased the presence of the dominant follicle before the start of the superovulation treatment; it did not improve the superovulatory success. Fifty-four percent of goats in the control group had a dominant follicle which exerted a negative influence on the number of transferable embryos. The other 46% of goats from the same group had a very good superovulatory response, which improved the overall response of the control group in comparison with the day 0 group. Another reason for the lower superovulatory success of the day 0 protocol was the smaller number of second and third category follicles (3.5 - 5.5 mm in size) at the onset of the superovulation protocol, that positively correlated with the number of the transferable embryos (r=0.67; P<0.05). In Boer goats, for the success of superovulatory treatment, the number of follicles of a certain size before the start of the superovulatory treatment has an effect as important as the effect of dominance. The application of the FSH hormone should start at the time when a suitable number of follicles belonging to the second category are present on the ovaries when performing the day 0 protocol.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti utjecaj jajnika na uspjeh dvaju superovulacijskih protokola u koza. Petnaest je koza u istraživanju korišteno dva puta u ukriženom dizajnu; prvi puta u kontrolnoj skupini standardnoga protokola, a nakon toga u modificiranom „dan 0” protokolu gdje nije bilo prisutnog dominantnog folikula, a folikularna kohorta je homogena. Sve životinje sinkronizirane su vaginalnim spužvicama te superovulirane sa 6 primjena padajućih doza pFSH. Iako je „dan 0” protokol znakovito smanjio prisutnost dominantnog folikula prije početka superovulacijskog postupka, protokol nije poboljšao uspjeh superovulacije. Pedeset i četiri posto koza u kontrolnoj skupini imalo je dominantan folikul koji je ispoljio negativan učinak na broj transferabilnih zametaka. Ostalih 46 % koza iz iste skupine imalo je vrlo dobar superovulacijski odgovor što je popravilo ukupni odgovor kontrolne skupine u odnosu na „dan 0” skupinu. Drugi razlog za slabiji uspjeh superovulacije u „dan 0” protokolu je manji broj folikula druge i treće kategorije (promjera 3,5 - 5,5 mm) na početku superovulacijskog protokola koji su u pozitivnoj korelaciji s brojem transferabilnih zametaka (r=0,67; P<0,05). Za uspjeh superovulacijskog protokola u burskih koza osim učinka dominacije od iznimnog su utjecaja brojnost folikula određene veličine na početku superovulacijskog protokola. Primjena FSH hormona pri izvođenju „dan 0” protokola treba započeti u vrijeme kada na jajnicima postoji odgovarajući broj folikula druge kategorije

Modelo estocástico para generar variables atmosféricas diarias. Aplicación a Salamanca y Oporto

Ponencia presentada en: XXXI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XI Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Sevilla, del 1 al 3 de marzo de 2010

Contaminación atmosférica en Canarias: 2007-2009

Ponencia presentada en: XXXII Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XIII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Alcobendas (Madrid), del 28 al 30 de mayo de 2012.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la evolución diaria, semanal y anual de los principales contaminantes atmosféricos: óxido nítrico, dióxido de nitrógeno, dióxido de azufre y partículas sólidas suspendidas en el aire de un diámetro inferior a 10 μm (PM10), que han sido medidos durante el periodo 1 de enero de 2007 y el 31 de diciembre de 2009 por cinco casetas/estaciones situadas en Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote y Fuerteventura, pertenecientes a la de la Red de la Calidad de Aire del Gobierno de Canarias