Star formation feedback and metal enrichment by SN Ia and SN II in dwarf spheroidal galaxies: the case of Draco

We present 3D hydrodynamical simulations aimed to study the dynamical and chemical evolution of the interstellar medium in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. This evolution is driven by the explosions of Type II and Type Ia supernovae, whose different contribution is explicity taken into account in our models. We compare our results with detailed observations of the Draco galaxy. We assume star formation histories consisting of a number of instantaneous burst separated by quiescent periods. Because of the large effectiveness of the radiative losses and the extended dark matter halo, no galactic wind develops, despite the total energy released by the supernovae is much larger than the binding energy of the gas. This explains why the galaxy is able to form stars for a long period (> 3 Gyr), consistently with observations. In this picture, the end of the star formation and gas removal must result from external mechanisms, such as ram pressure and/or tidal interaction with the Galaxy. The metallicity distributions of the stars found in our models agree very well with the observed one. We find a mean value =-1.65 with a spread of ~1.5 dex. The chemical properties of the stars derive by the different temporal evolution between Type Ia and Type II supernova rate, and by the different mixing of the metals produced by the two types of SNe. We reproduce successfully the observed [O/Fe]-[Fe/H] diagram. However, our interpretation of this diagram differs from that generally adopted by previous chemical models. In fact, we find that the chemical properties of the stars derive, besides the different temporal evolution of the SNe II and SNe Ia rates, from the spatial inhomogeneous chemical enrichment due to the different dynamical behaviour between the remnants of the two types of supernovae.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures (1 added), MNRAS accepted, Minor changes following referee repor

About the evolution of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

We present 3D hydrodynamic simulations aimed at studying the dynamical and chemical evolution of the interstellar medium in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. This evolution is driven by the explosions of Type II and Type Ia supernovae, whose different contribution is explicitly taken into account in our models. We compare our results with avaiable properties of the Draco galaxy. Despite the huge amount of energy released by SNe explosions, in our model the galaxy is able to retain most of the gas allowing a long period ($> 3$ Gyr) of star formation, consistent with the star formation history derived by observations. The stellar [Fe/H] distribution found in our model matches very well the observed one. The chemical properties of the stars derive from the different temporal evolution between Type Ia and Type II supernova rate, and from the different mixing of the metals produced by the two types of supernovae. We reproduce successfully the observed [O/Fe]-[Fe/H] diagram.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the CRAL conference "Chemodynamics: from first stars to local galaxies", Lyon, France, 10-14 July 200

Multiple starbursts in Blue Compact Galaxies

In this paper we present some results concerning the effects of two instantaneous starbursts, separated by a quiescent period, on the dynamical and chemical evolution of blue compact dwarf galaxies. In particular, we compare the model results to the galaxy IZw18, which is a very metal-poor, gas-rich dwarf galaxy, possibly experiencing its first or second burst of star formation. We follow the evolution of a first weak burst of star formation followed by a second more intense one occurring after several hundreds million years. We find that a galactic wind develops only during the second burst and that metals produced in the burst are preferentially lost relative to the hydrogen gas. We predict the evolution of several chemical abundances (H, He, C, N, O, \alpha-elements, Fe) in the gas inside and outside the galaxy, by taking into account in detail the chemical and energetical contributions from type II and Ia supernovae. We find that the abundances predicted for the star forming region are in good agreement with the HII region abundances derived for IZw18. We also predict the abundances of C, N and O expected for the HI gas to be compared with future FUSE abundance determinations. We conclude that IZw18 must have experienced two bursts of star formation, one occurred \sim 300 Myr ago and a present one with an age between 4-7 Myr. However, by taking into account also other independent estimates, such as the color-magnitude diagram and the spectral energy distribution of stars in IZw18, and the fact that real starbursts are not instantaneous, we suggest that it is more likely that the burst age is between 4 and 15 Myr

Decoupled and inhomogeneous gas flows in S0 galaxies

A recent analysis of the "Einstein" sample of early-type galaxies has revealed that at any fixed optical luminosity Lb S0 galaxies have lower mean X-ray luminosity Lx per unit Lb than ellipticals. Following a previous analytical investigation of this problem (Ciotti & Pellegrini 1996), we have performed 2D numerical simulations of the gas flows inside S0 galaxies in order to ascertain the effectiveness of rotation and/or galaxy flattening in reducing the Lx/Lb ratio. The flow in models without SNIa heating is considerably ordered, and essentially all the gas lost by the stars is cooled and accumulated in the galaxy center. If rotation is present, the cold material settles in a disk on the galactic equatorial plane. Models with a time decreasing SNIa heating host gas flows that can be much more complex. After an initial wind phase, gas flows in energetically strongly bound galaxies tend to reverse to inflows. This occurs in the polar regions, while the disk is still in the outflow phase. In this phase of strong decoupling, cold filaments are created at the interface between inflowing and outflowing gas. Models with more realistic values of the dynamical quantities are preferentially found in the wind phase with respect to their spherical counterparts of equal Lb. The resulting Lx of this class of models is lower than in spherical models with the same Lb and SNIa heating. At variance with cooling flow models, rotation is shown to have only a marginal effect in this reduction, while the flattening is one of the driving parameters for such underluminosity, in accordance with the analytical investigation.Comment: 32 pages LaTex file, plus 5 .ps figures and macro aasms4.sty -- Accepted on Ap

The chemical composition of red giants in 47 Tucanae I: Fundamental parameters and chemical abundance patterns

Context: The study of chemical abundance patterns in globular clusters is of key importance to constrain the different candidates for intra-cluster pollution of light elements. Aims: We aim at deriving accurate abundances for a large range of elements in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) to add new constraints to the pollution scenarios for this particular cluster, expanding the range of previously derived element abundances. Methods: Using tailored 1D LTE atmospheric models together with a combination of equivalent width measurements, LTE, and NLTE synthesis we derive stellar parameters and element abundances from high-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectra of 13 red giant stars near the tip of the RGB. Results: We derive abundances of a total 27 elements (O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Mo, Ru, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Dy). Departures from LTE were taken into account for Na, Al and Ba. We find a mean [Fe/H] = $-0.78\pm0.07$ and $[\alpha/{\rm Fe}]=0.34\pm0.03$ in good agreement with previous studies. The remaining elements show good agreement with the literature, but the inclusion of NLTE for Al has a significant impact on the behaviour of this key element. Conclusions: We confirm the presence of an Na-O anti-correlation in 47 Tucanae found by several other works. Our NLTE analysis of Al shifts the [Al/Fe] to lower values, indicating that this may be overestimated in earlier works. No evidence for an intrinsic variation is found in any of the remaining elements.Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in A&

Analysis of meticillin-susceptible and meticillin-resistant biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus from catheter infections isolated in a large Italian hospital

Several characteristics were analysed in 37 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from nosocomial catheter infections: the PFGE profile after SmaI digestion of chromosomal DNA, the ability to form a biofilm on a polystyrene surface, antibiotic susceptibility patterns (penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, telithromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, rifampicin, vancomycin and linezolid), and the presence of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. All strains but three (92 %) were able to grow on a plastic surface as a biofilm. An almost complete association was found between phenotypes and genotypic traits of antibiotic resistance, whilst PFGE profiling showed the highly polyclonal composition of the set of strains under study. Sixteen isolates (43 %) were meticillin-resistant and were subjected to staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) complex type determination by multiplex PCR. Only a subgroup of six strains belonged to the archaic clone PFGE type and bore the SCCmec/ccrAB type I structure. Among the remaining strains some presented small rearrangements of the SCCmec/ccrAB genetic locus, whilst others could barely be traced back to a known structural type. These observations suggest that, at the local level and at a particular site of infection, S. aureus may show great genetic variability and escape the general rule of expansion of the S. aureus pandemic clones

Biological Applications of Synthetic Binders Isolated from a Conceptually New Adhiron Library

Background: Adhirons are small (10 kDa) synthetic ligands that might represent an alternative to antibody fragments and to alternative scaffolds such as DARPins or affibodies. Methods: We prepared a conceptionally new adhiron phage display library that allows the presence of cysteines in the hypervariable loops and successfully panned it against antigens possessing different characteristics. Results: We recovered binders specific for membrane epitopes of plant cells by panning the library directly against pea protoplasts and against soluble C-Reactive Protein and SpyCatcher, a small protein domain for which we failed to isolate binders using pre-immune nanobody libraries. The best binders had a binding constant in the low nM range, were produced easily in bacteria (average yields of 15 mg/L of culture) in combination with different tags, were stable, and had minimal aggregation propensity, independent of the presence or absence of cysteine residues in their loops. Discussion: The isolated adhirons were significantly stronger than those isolated previously from other libraries and as good as nanobodies recovered from a naïve library of comparable theoretical diversity. Moreover, they proved to be suitable reagents for ELISA, flow cytometry, the western blot, and also as capture elements in electrochemical biosensors