Analysis of the public transport system in the metropolitan area of Valencia through a discrete choice model. Proposals to improve and integrate the fare structure.

[ES] La movilidad en las áreas metropolitanas es uno de los principales retos organizativos de las sociedades urbanas actuales. Las personas tienen la necesidad de desplazarse en su vida cotidiana (demanda), que deberá ser organizada, gestionada y cubierta preferentemente de modo colectivo (oferta). Esto se realiza con el fin de evitar que se tomen decisiones individuales que llevarían a la saturación de las infraestructuras de transporte, con todas las consecuencias directas y externalidades que eso conllevaría. La forma de vida actual ha multiplicado la cantidad de destinos y de motivos por los que los ciudadanos se desplazan. Frente a los desplazamientos rutinarios y unimodales que predominaban en el pasado, los viajeros actuales realizan un mayor número de trayectos y utilizan más modos, incluyendo los transbordos necesarios. De aquí surge la necesidad de una buena coordinación entre todos los operadores de transporte, que permita que estos trayectos multimodales tengan lugar. Por tanto, resulta fundamental que los usuarios no se vean afectados por tarifas inconexas e individuales según el modo, que desembocan en mayores costes para ellos y en una menor atractividad del servicio a nivel metropolitano. Una red de transporte colectivo eficiente y de calidad será aquella que posea la suficiente flexibilidad como para adaptarse a las diversas interconexiones que desee realizar el usuario sin que esto repercuta en unos gastos mensuales excesivamente elevados para él. En consecuencia, es necesaria una cooperación entre todos los niveles de la Administración Pública a la hora de diseñar un sistema que permita cubrir al máximo los costes de la red y que reduzca de manera eficaz el coste para los usuarios sin afectar al nivel de servicio proporcionado. Los primeros pasos ya se han dado, con un esfuerzo inicial de coordinación de los distintos operadores creando títulos integrados que benefician a los ciudadanos de los municipios más cercanos a la capital. Es el caso de Valencia, ciudad objeto de estudio en esta memoria. La creación en 2017 de la Autoritat de Transport Metropolità de València, dependiente de la Generalitat Valenciana, también ha supuesto un avance notable a la hora de coordinar las competencias en transporte urbano en el área metropolitana. En cualquier caso, la situación actual todavía dista de ser la solución integral, universal y definitiva que se concibió en su origen, existiendo ciertos aspectos a considerar para llegar a este horizonte óptimo. El trabajo se centrará por tanto en el área metropolitana de Valencia y en su red de transporte público, tratando de abordar los temas previamente descritos. Para lograrlo, se comenzará con una descripción introductoria al estado actual de la movilidad en dicha ciudad, empleando asimismo elementos comparativos con otras ciudades similares. Se hará especial hincapié en la caracterización de los modos de transporte público existentes y en las interconexiones entre ellos. A continuación, se describirá el estado del arte en cuanto a zonificación y tarifas en ciudades intermedias a nivel nacional e internacional. Posteriormente, se analizará la situación actual a partir de la información proporcionada por el Plan de Movilidad Metropolitano (PMoMe), determinando un modelo de elección discreta que permita comprender el reparto modal entre las alternativas de transporte público y el vehículo privado, así como definir una tarifa media para los modos colectivos. En base a los resultados, se ensayarán diversos escenarios de modificación de la estructura tarifaria que lleven a una mayor integración de los modos de transporte. Una vez determinadas las propuestas, se analizarán las consecuencias y los impactos derivados de su implementación, y se finalizará con una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones. El objetivo último será ofrecer una tarifa media inferior a la actual a la vez que se favorece la integración de las mismas,[EN] Mobility in metropolitan areas is one of the main organisational challenges of the current urban societies. People have the need to move in their daily lives (demand), which should be organised and managed preferably in a collective way (supply). This is done to avoid individual decisions that would lead to the saturation of transport infrastructures, with all the direct consequences and externalities that this would entail. The current way of life has multiplied the number of destinations and reasons why citizens move. As opposed to the unimodal displacements that prevailed in the past, current travellers make a greater number of trips and use more modes, including transfers if necessary. Hence, a good coordination among all transport operators is required, which allows these multimodal trips to take place. It is essential that users are not affected by unconnected and individual fares depending on the mode, which lead to higher costs for them and less attractiveness of the service at the metropolitan level. An efficient and quality collective transport network should be one that has sufficient flexibility to adapt to the interconnections that its users are willing to make without this having an excessively high monthly cost for them. Consequently, all levels of the Public Administration should cooperate when designing a system that allows to cover the network costs as much as possible, while at the same time effectively reducing the cost for users without affecting the level of service provided. The first steps have already been taken, with an initial coordination effort of the different operators creating integrated transport fares. This is the case of Valencia, the city under study in this report. The creation in 2017 of the Autoritat de Transport Metropolità de València, under the regional government, has also led to a positive advance in the coordination of urban transport competencies in the metropolitan area. In any case, the current situation is still far from being the integral, universal and definitive solution that was originally conceived, as there are some aspects to consider in order to reach this optimal horizon. The report will therefore focus on the metropolitan area of Valencia and its public transport network, trying to address the issues previously described. To achieve this, the document will begin with an introductory description of the current state of mobility in that city, also using comparative elements with other similar cities. Special emphasis will be placed on the characterisation of existing public transport modes and the interconnections between them. Next, the state of the art will be described in terms of zoning and fares in intermediate cities, nationally and internationally. Moreover, the current situation will be analysed based on the information provided by the Metropolitan Mobility Plan (PMoMe), determining a discrete choice model that allows to explain the modal distribution between public transport modes and private vehicles, as well as defining an average rate for the collective modes. Based on the results, several scenarios of modification of the fare structure leading to greater integration in the system will be tested. Once the proposals have been determined, the consequences and impacts derived from their implementation will be analysed, finalising with a series of conclusions and recommendations. The ultimate objective of the report will be to offer a lower average fare than the current one, while at the same time favouring the integration of the public transport system, thus enhancing multimodality, increasing the demand for public transport and, ultimately, a better coordination between the different operators.Sánchez D'ocon, I. (2020). Análisis del sistema de transporte público en el área metropolitana de Valencia mediante un modelo de elección discreta. Propuestas para mejorar e integrar la estructura tarifaria. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/141337TFG

L'atenció conjunta en la detecció primerenca del trastorn de l'espectre autista

Un dels dèficits centrals del trastorn de l'espectre autista (TEA) són les dificultats que manifesten els subjectes en atenció conjunta, entesa com a la capacitat de coordinar l'atenció envers una altra persona en relació a un objecte o esdeveniment. Aquest treball pretén ser un recull bibliogràfic dels principals treballs d'investigació que s'han publicat en el camp de la Psicologia, la Medicina i l'Educació en els darrers anys i que inclouen la vinculació de l'atenció conjunta en la manifestació primerenca del TEA.S'ha fet una recerca sistemàtica d'articles en les quatre principals bases de dades que inclouen treballs publicats al camp de la Psicologia clínica, la Psicologia del desenvolupament i la Psicologia de l'educació: Pro Quest Psychology Journals, Psicodoc, Dialnet i PubMed. El nombre final d'articles obtinguts foren 29. Les principals conclusions condueixen al consens entre autors en la tesi que és possible trobar indicadors primerencs de risc de TEA en edats tan precoces com els 12 mesos

Proyecto básico de puente sobre la Rambla de Alcalá en Benicarló (Castellón)". Diseño de los equipamientos, proceso constructivo y valoración de la obra. solución A

[EN] The following Final Degree Project includes the development of a justified proposal for the construction of a bridge over the Alcalá ravine in Benicarló (Castellón), giving continuity to the Papa Luna Avenue. The adopted solution consists of a bowstring bridge with two free-standing arches and five rigid hangers per arch. The deck presents a mixed typology, conformed by a grill of longitudinal beams of constant depth and transverse beams of variable depth, as well as an in situ reinforced concrete slab. The equipment design comprises the conception of the road and pavements surface, the deck drainage, the lighting, the barriers and the imposts. Additionally, the construction process aims to serve as a proposed implementation of the building operations, following a sequence of basic tasks which are summarised in the work programme. Finally, the corresponding budget has been estimated, based on the definition of the intervening work units.[CA] El Treball Final de Grau presentat abasta el desenvolupament d'una proposta justificada per a la construcció d'un pont sobre la Rambla d'Alcalà a Benicarló (Castelló), donant continuïtat a l'avinguda del Papa Lluna. La solució adoptada consisteix en un pont tipus bow-string amb dos arcs exempts i cinc pèndoles rígides per arc. El tauler presenta tipologia mixta, format per un engraellat de bigues longitudinals de cant constant i bigues transversals de cant variable, així com per una llosa de formigó armat executada in-situ. El disseny dels equipaments comprén la concepció del paviment de calçada i voreres, el drenatge del tauler, la il·luminació, les defenses i les impostes. Addicionalment, el procés constructiu pretén servir com una proposta d'execució de les operacions de materialització de l'obra, seguint una seqüència de tasques bàsiques que es resumeixen en el programa de treballs. Per últim, s'ha estimat el pressupost corresponent a aquest projecte, basant-se en la definició de les unitats d'obra intervinents.[ES] El Trabajo Final de Grado presentado abarca el desarrollo de una propuesta justificada para la construcción de un puente sobre la Rambla de Alcalá en Benicarló (Castellón), dando continuidad a la avenida del Papa Luna. La solución adoptada consiste en un puente tipo bow-string con dos arcos exentos y cinco péndolas rígidas por arco. El tablero presenta tipología mixta, formado por un emparrillado de vigas longitudinales de canto constante y vigas transversales de canto variable, así como por una losa de hormigón armado ejecutada in-situ. El diseño de los equipamientos comprende la concepción del pavimento de calzada y aceras, el drenaje del tablero, la iluminación, las defensas y las impostas. Adicionalmente, el proceso constructivo pretende servir como una propuesta de ejecución de las operaciones de materialización de la obra, siguiendo una secuencia de tareas básicas que se resumen en el programa de trabajos. Por último, se ha estimado el presupuesto correspondiente a este proyecto, en base a la definición de las unidades de obra intervinientes.Sánchez D'ocon, I. (2016). Proyecto básico de puente sobre la Rambla de Alcalá en Benicarló (Castellón)". Diseño de los equipamientos, proceso constructivo y valoración de la obra. solución A. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68556.Archivo delegad

Celebrity endorsement: influence of fan identification and brand collision on brand awareness and perceived value

El deporte es un fenómeno social y económico en continua expansión, que contribuye a la prosperidad y la solidaridad en los países desarrollados (Aragonés, 2014). Ha sido reconocido por el Comité Olímpico Internacional como una herramienta para el fomento de la paz y las relaciones entre diferentes culturas. En relación a su vertiente económica, sobre la que se centra la presenta tesis doctoral, los ingresos generados fueron de 127 millones de euros en 2015, tal y como habían señalado las previsiones (PWC, 2011) y dio empleo a 1.700 millones de europeos en 2016 (Eurostat, 2018). Además, dada su pujanza y crecimiento en las últimas décadas, la industria del deporte ha sido objeto de interés para académicos y profesionales del marketing, buscando aplicar los principios de esta disciplina a los productos y servicios deportivos (Shank y Lyberger, 2014). Se trata de un sector complejo, en el que participan múltiples actores relacionados con otros sectores: turístico, construcción, telecomunicaciones, educación o el tecnológico entre otros (Laine y Vehman, 2017). Además, el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ha permitido que el deporte se haya convertido en un espectáculo de masas (Matheson, 2003) y los deportistas en celebridades seguidas por millones de espectadores (Sawe, 2018), siendo estos a su vez el foco de las principales marcas comerciales (IEG, 2017). Así, el patrocinio deportivo ha resultado ser una de las principales herramientas de comunicación de grandes empresas, alcanzando un volumen de 55.000 millones de euros en 2017 (IEG, 2018). En este contexto, los aficionados o espectadores son vistos como potenciales clientes por las marcas patrocinadoras de eventos deportivos (Davis y Hilbert, 2013). En fútbol, el deporte más popular del mundo (Sawe, 2018), el patrocinio se ha convertido en un factor clave de rendimiento económico y deportivo para los equipos. En las principales divisiones de las ligas más seguidas a nivel mundial, hay clubes de fútbol con ingresos cercanos a los 900 millones de euros, de los cuales más del 50% provienen de acuerdos de patrocinio (KPMG, 2017). Estos clubes se encuentran normalmente entre los más exitosos a nivel deportivo, debido a su gran poder a la hora de contar con los mejores y más valiosos jugadores en sus equipos (Transfermarkt, 2018). Con ello, los jugadores se han convertido en objetivo de las principales entidades deportivas y de las marcas comerciales, que ven en ellos una vía de acceder a su público (Bergkvist y Qiang Zhou, 2016). De hecho, en la actualidad, entre el 14% y el 19% de los anuncios muestran a celebridades, mayoritariamente deportivas, promocionando marcas y productos. Así, el endorsement de celebridades ha emergido como una solución dentro del marco del patrocinio deportivo para que marcas comerciales alcancen sus principales objetivos, como la notoriedad de marca y la asociación de la misma a una imagen y a unos determinados valores (Cantó, 2018). Según el tipo de deporte, los deportistas compiten en solitario o en equipo. En el primer caso, las marcas ponen el punto de mira en el deportista. En el segundo, tanto el deportista como la entidad deportiva son el foco de interés (Sport Business, 2017). Así, en deportes como el que nos compete, el fútbol, los jugadores profesionales llevan endosada una marca deportiva que les proporciona material deportivo además de remunerarles por vestirla en campañas publicitarias y durante la competición (Badenhausen, 2017). Por otro lado, los clubes en los que juegan contraen también acuerdos de patrocinio con marcas deportivas para la obtención de recursos (Cornwell y Maigan, 1998), material deportivo (Pope, 1998), y know-how (Roth, 1990), a cambio de mostrar su marca en sus equipajes, instalaciones deportivas y medios de comunicación (Meenaghan, 1983). De este modo, es común encontrar futbolistas con marcas endosadas diferentes a la marca patrocinadora del club al que pertenecen, situación que no ha sido objeto de estudio en la literatura previa sobre valor del patrocinio deportivo y que denominamos colisión de marcas. Dada la importancia que tienen los aficionados tanto para las entidades deportivas en relación a sus objetivos comerciales, como para las marcas patrocinadoras en cuanto a objetivos de notoriedad y de transferencia de imagen, resulta de gran interés estudiar la percepción del consumidor respecto a las marcas patrocinadoras y las marcas endosadas en las celebridades del deporte (Cantó, 2018). Así, aquellos factores que puedan influir en la percepción del aficionado/consumidor sobre las marcas son de especial interés para la investigación (Hutchinson y Alba, 1991; Cornwell y Humphreys, 2013). Con todo, el objetivo principal que persigue la presente tesis doctoral es el de conocer las consecuencias que tiene la identificación del aficionado en el valor percibido del endorsement (o endoso) de celebridades y en las reacciones de los aficionados a la marca endosada tanto en situaciones en las que existe colisión de marcas como en las que no, para conocer si ejerce un efecto en el resto de las variables del estudio. Objetivos específicos e hipótesis El primero de los objetivos específicos que se pretenden alcanzar se relaciona con dos tipos de identificación del aficionado: la identificación con el equipo de fútbol y la identificación con la celebridad. En concreto, se busca analizar el efecto del primero en el segundo. Según la Teoría de la Identidad Social (Tajfel y Turner, 1979), los individuos sienten la necesidad de aumentar su autoestima y la satisfacen a través de pertenecer o ser socios de una organización, como ocurre con los equipos de fútbol, haciéndoles sentir parte de ella. Factores como la familia y el entorno influyen en tal identificación (McPherson, 1976). Asimismo, Wann y Branscombe (1995) se basaron en la Teoría de la Identidad Social para argumentar que, dado que los individuos tienden a identificarse con un grupo, tenderán igualmente a enfatizar los aspectos positivos del mismo y a minimizar los negativos, abarcando a todos sus miembros. Así, los aficionados con un mayor grado de identificación con el equipo tenderán a desarrollar un mayor grado de identificación con los jugadores del mismo, objetivo que se pretende corroborar. En segundo lugar, se busca estudiar la relación entre la identificación del aficionado con el equipo y con la celebridad y el valor percibido del endorsement en la celebridad. En trabajos anteriores se han estudiado las consecuencias de la identificación del aficionado y las reacciones en el consumidor, tanto emocionales como de compra. En este sentido, se ha demostrado que una mayor identificación con el equipo incrementa el valor percibido de los productos relacionados con este (Kwon et al. 2007), su futura compra (Fisher y Wakefield, 1998), la compra impulsiva (Kwon et al. 2007), o la visualización de los partidos en los que juegue (Funk y James, 2001). La identificación también incrementa el conocimiento de los patrocinadores (Gwinner y Swanson, 2003) y la actitud hacia la marca patrocinadora (Biscaia et al., 2013). A partir de aquí, se persigue confirmar estos resultados en el contexto del endorsement, entendiendo que un mayor grado de identificación con el club y la celebridad provocará un mayor valor percibido del endorsement de dicha celebridad y de la marca endosada. En tercer lugar, se pretende estudiar la relación entre el valor percibido de la marca endosada y las reacciones hacia la misma. Investigaciones previas han analizado las reacciones actitudinales, demostrando una relación positiva entre valor percibido y satisfacción del cliente (Chen, 2013; Pandza Bajs, 2015; Kim y Park, 2017), y entre valor percibido y actitud (Baker et al., 2002; Ruiz-Molina y Gil-Saura, 2008; Wu y Chan, 2011; Im, Bhat y Lee, 2015). Por otro lado, otros autores han trabajado las reacciones relacionadas con la compra, pudiendo comprobar que el valor percibido ejerce un efecto positivo en la intención de compra, a través de la actitud hacia la marca o el producto (Kim y Hunter, 1993; Berger, Ratchford y Haines, 1994; Sirdeshmukh, Singh y Sabol, 2002; Voss, Spangenberg y Grohmann, 2003). Otros estudios, en cambio, han demostrado dicha relación, pero de forma directa, sin mediar la actitud en ella (Dodds, Monroe y Grewal, 1991; Grewal et al. 1998; Petrick y Backman, 2002). El presente trabajo busca trasladar esta relación entre variables establecida en otros campos científicos al contexto del endorsement de celebridades, asociando el valor percibido de la marca endosada con la actitud hacia la marca y la intención de compra. En cuarto y último lugar, se persigue analizar el efecto provocado por la colisión de marcas en las variables de estudio mencionadas.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY All in all, the main objective of the present thesis is to know the consequences that the identification of the fan has on the perceived value of celebrity endorsement situations in which there is brand collision or not, in order to uncover if there is an effect in the rest of the study variables. Hence, this doctoral thesis aims to contribute as follows: • Presenting the state of the art of the sport industry, and more particularly of football´s, as a relevant economic sector in today societies. • Compiling, analysing and comparing the most important academic theories on sponsorship and endorsement as the basis from which to study different marketing constructs. • Setting a model of perceived value in relation to the celebrity endorsement context in sport, analysed from a customer/fan perspective in a non-previously studied situation: brand collision. • Acknowledging how brand awareness influences consumer perceptions about endorsed brands. • Bringing understanding about how customers/fans react towards endorsed brands in terms of perceptions and behavioural intentions. From the previous objectives, we propose a research model compiling the different variables of the study, resulting in seventeen hypotheses that are divided into three groups. The first group is composed by three hypotheses related to the identification of the fan that present the relationship between fan identification with team and fan identification with the celebrity, and the relationship of these two and perceived value of the endorsement. The goal is to measure how the identification of the fan influences the perceived value of an endorsement situation. The second group focuses on the main construct of the model, perceived value, and its outcomes in terms of brand attitude and purchase intentions. Concretely, we aim to analyse the effect of perceived value of the endorsement on perceived value of the endorsed brand, and the effect of these two on attitude towards the endorsed brand. In addition, the effect of brand attitude on purchase intentions is also analysed. The third group of hypotheses studies the particular situation in which the thesis falls within: brand collision. Thus, these hypotheses aim to analyse the moderating effect of brand collision on the rest of the variables of the model. A direct negative effect is studied between brand collision and brand awareness, so as to uncover whether brand collision situations erode brand awareness. Besides, moderating effects of brand awareness are also studied to compare how aware-of-the-endorsed-brand fans behave compared to unaware ones, when it comes to evaluate endorsed brands METHODOLOGY To achieve these goals and to test the presented hypotheses, an empirical descriptive research was undertaken throughout an electronic survey. An online questionnaire was developed and sent through online invitation to football supporters of three Spanish football clubs: Valencia CF, Real Madrid CF and FC Barcelona, in which each one of the constructs were measured, along with sport consumption and practice habits. The selected population enclosed people over 14 years old, living in Spain, who had watched at least a football match in the previous year. No-probabilistic sampling method was used, defining quotas according to age and gender. People were reached online by acceding to several websites related to football and its newsletters. A Sample of 324 valid questionnaires was obtained. Given the study’s interest in predicting the outcome variables and given the not too large sample size and the formative nature of the Perceived Value construct, a Structural Equation Modelling analysis was developed throughout SmartPLS 3. In addition, descriptive analysis has been performed through SPSS 26. Regarding the questionnaire, after completing introductory questions about habits of sport practice and consumption, individuals answered questions about their level of Identification with the team and with the celebrity endorser. Then, questions about the team’s sponsor Awareness and the endorsed Brand Awareness, followed by questions about Perceived Value, Brand Attitude and Purchase Intentions of the two brands: Nike and Adidas. Next, respondents were given the name of the actual endorsed brand on each celebrity and questions measuring Perceived Value of the Endorsement (union of the brand and the celebrity) were presented, along with questions about Brand Attitude and Purchase Intentions, once the union is known. All the questions about brands were randomly presented to respondents. Some of them answered about Nike before Adidas and some about Adidas before Nike. Hence, every respondent answered the same questions about one team and two players (one with the same endorsed brand as the one sponsoring the team, and one with a different brand from the team’s sponsor), so as to compare Brand Collision situations with no Brand Collision situations. The constructs of the model were measured using 7-items Likert reported scales: • Wann & Branscombe (1993)’s scale of Fan Identification. • Sweeney & Soutar (2001) multidimensional scale for Perceived Value, adapting the items to the endorsement context and removing those that made nonsense. • Gwinner & Bennet (2008)’s scales to measure Attitude towards the brand and Purchase Intentions. • Finally, Cornwell et al. (2012) dichotomous scale to measure Brand awareness. A Factorial Confirmatory Analysis was performed to analyse the Psychometric Properties of the measurement instrument. As both first-order and second-order formative constructs were analysed, several tests have been performed. The formative constructs presented multicollineality problems in 7 items, which were consequently removed. All the other parameters were above the threshold regarding reliability, convergent validity and predictivity of the model. In regards to discriminant validity, all the loadings were higher than cross-loadings. Regarding the sampling distribution, almost 90% were Spanish and 10% foreign, and 80% were men and 20% women, consistent with Spanish football followers’ population. RESULTS As for the results obtained from the descriptive analysis, it is possible to affirm that the sample was highly familiarised with sports as practitioners and spectators, as most individuals do or watch sport more than one or two days per week and that Nike and Adidas arose as the two main brands when it comes to buy sport clothes. Concerning the individuals’ identification with their favourite team, significant correlations allow to affirm that the better is one team rated, the worse the main rival will be rated. According to Davis & Hilbert (2013) these results show that the selected sample can be considered, on average, as composed by intensively enthusiastic fans. About Fan Identification with the celebrities of fans’ favourite team, results are diverse, being high with the top performing players and less high or even low with the less performing players. As far as Perceived Value is concerned, results are consistently high, regardless the team and player. However, Perceived Value of the endorsed brand obtains significantly higher results than Perceived Value of the endorsement, showing that individuals give high value to the brands, but that when the brand is associated with a player, the player appears to influence the value. Thus, Perceived value of the endorsement was high in the extent to which the player was one of the popular and top performers. In regard to Attitude towards the endorsed brand and Purchase Intentions, results are high in both brands. Nevertheless, Adidas obtained similar results among the three clubs while Nike obtained higher results from Real Madrid and Barcelona fans. As for Brand Awareness, roughly half of individuals knew the endorsed brand in the celebrities of their favourite team. Separating by players, results show that the most popular and top performers obtained higher degree of awareness. Bivariate t-student analysis comparing aware and unaware individuals showed that the aware ones had a more positive Attitude towards the brand and higher purchase intentions. Furthermore, once everybody was informed about the actual endorsed brand in each player, those that were previously aware showed again higher Attitude and higher Purchase Intentions. As far as the structural model is concerned, we have been able to accept six of the seven hypotheses presented. Thus, fan identification with the team exerts a positive effect on fan identification with the celebrity. Both exert a positive effect on perceived value of the endorsement, and the latter on perceived value of the endorsed brand. In addition, perceived value of the endorsed brand exerts a positive effect on attitude towards the endorsed brand and this one on purchase intentions. The only relationship that could not be accepted was the one linking perceived value of the endorsement and attitude towards the endorsed brand. Regarding the effect of brand collision on the rest of the relationships, a multisampling analysis was performed to compare brand collision situations with no-brand collision ones. Brand collision exerts a negative moderating effect on the relationship between fan identification with the celebrity and perceived value of the endorsement. No significant moderating effects arise between the rest of the variables. Additionally, no significant direct effect has been reported between brand collision and brand awareness. Nevertheless, brand awareness by itself appears to moderate some of the variables of the structural model. In another multisampling analysis, in which aware fans’ answers were compared to non-aware fans’ answers, significant results show that brand awareness exerts a positive moderating effect between perceived value of the of the endorsement and attitude towards the endorsed brand, as well as between attitude towards the brand and purchase intentions. In addition, a negative moderating effect has been reported between perceived value of the endorsed brand and brand attitude, contrary to what was expected as per the previous literature. Hence, all the hypotheses of the structural model have been accepted but one. However, only three hypotheses of the moderating effects have been accepted. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Some theorical and practical conclusions arise from this work. Regarding the first ones, we have seen that endorsement falls within the sponsorship literature as a differentiated promotion tool focusing on individuals rather than institutions. Besides, the goals pursued when endorsing a celebrity are the same as when sponsoring an event, and their factors of success are framed under the same theories of study. The model of Perceived Value can be translated to the endorsement context. In this case, the object of the study is the union of a brand and a celebrity, rather than a product. Regarding Fan Identification, it appeared to be an important antecedent of endorsement evaluations and purchasing decisions, as well as a factor that goes beyond the team, and makes fans to be involved and committed with other elements surrounding the team, such as its members, venues, sponsors etc. As for Perceived Value (a multidimensional formative construct as per the recent literature), it has appeared to be a good predictor of consumer behaviour, not only related to products, but also to brands and endorsement situations. Finally, Brand Collision is a unique situation that deserves to be considered as a moderating factor, given the negative results reported in the sponsorship literature when several brands appear at the same time. Besides, consistently with previous research, it may appear as a factor influencing Brand Awareness, the main goal studied in the sponsorship literature. Regarding the practical conclusions, results allow affirming that fans are more identified with teams than with athletes, and that Fan Identification exerts a positive influence in the performance of sport celebrities’ endorsement campaigns throughout more positive Attitude towards the endorsed brands and higher Purchase Intentions of the endorsed brand’s products. Meanwhile, it is possible to support that Perceived Value of the union of a brand and a celebrity is a key factor explaining the future behavioural intentions towards the endorsed brand. Moreover, although data did not allow demonstrating that Brand Collision negatively affects Brand Awareness of the endorsed brand, we have shown that those who were aware of the brand endorsed in each player, valued the endorsed brand more positively. Additionally, we have been able to demonstrate that when Brand Collision occurs, the effect that Fan Identification with the Celebrity exerts on Perceived Value of the endorsement is eroded. From these conclusions, some managerial implications and recommendations can be extracted. Focusing on the most relevant one

Procesos coercitivos madre-hijo: análisis secuenciales en un grupo de abuso

Research has shown a consistent rehtionship between irritable parental discipline practices, marked by parent-child coercive exchanges, and the development of conduct disovders in children. Two specific hypothesis about mother-child coercive interaction, the compliance hypothesis and the predictability hypothesis, guided a sequential study with mothers and their conduct disordered children (Wahkr, UIilliams dt Cerezo, 1990). In the area of child abuse, these findings are very relevant in understanding the process o! relationship dysfunction that takes place in maltreating households. Abused children are living in highly conflictive families characterized by coercive exchanges and dysfunctional interaction. Additionally, the resemblance of abused children to conduct-problem children in their negative behavior at home has found empirical support. Abusive mothers and their children represent a very extreme group where coercion entrapment is a part of daily life. Consequently, similar sequential patterns are hypothesized to be found among abuse group dyads. A two-fold purpose guided the present study. 1) to test the sequential relationship befween the child's aversive behavior and both the predictability and the compliance episodes, as well as the sequential relationship between these two mothering episodes proposed by the new predictability hypothesis; 2) to replicate the study conducted by Wahler, Williams and Cerezo (1990). Twenty-five abuse dyads participated in this study. The characteristics of the abuse group were similar to Wahler et al.'s study in terms of children's age, family socio-economic disadvantage and social insularity. The findings showed the predicted sequential relationships and the parallelism with the findings reported by Wahler et al.'s study.La investigación viene mostrando una relación consistente entre las prácticas de socialización familiar disfuncionales, tales como disciplina punitiva, y el desarrollo de problemas de conducta en niños. Wahler, Williams y Cerezo (1990) estudiaron la relación secuencial existente entre determinados episodios madre-hijo y las respuestas aversivas infantiles, en un grupo de niños remitidos a tratamiento por sus problemas de conducta. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a entender la interacción en familias abusivas, porque el abuso infantil puede considerarse como un resultado manifiesto de prácticas de socialización disfincionales. Además, los niños víctimas de abuso presentan un alto riesgo de desarrollar problemas de conducta, con niveles de comportamiento desviado semejantes a los que muestran niños con este diagnóstico clínico. Se espera, pues, que los estudios observacionales microanalíticos, tanto en el área de los problemas de conducta como en el área del maltrato, pongan en evidencia similitudes relevantes en la direccionalidad y secuencia de los patrones específicos de interacción madre-hijo. Este trabajo aborda un doble propósito: en primer lugar, analizar la relación secuencial entre la conducta aversiva infantil y los episodios interaccionales madre-hijo con carácter instruccional y con carácter indiscriminada, así como la relación secuencial entre dichos episodios de conducta materna; en segundo lugar, replicar, con una muestra de familias abusivas, los resultados obtenidos por Wahler et al. (1990). Los sujetos participantes en este estudio son 25 madres abusivas y sus hijos. Las caracterísiticas de este grupo de abuso son semejantes a las que se incluyeron en el estudio de referencia en términos de edad de los niños, nivel socioeconómico familiar y aislamientosocial. Los resultados de los análisis secuenciales efectuados confirmaron las relaciones predichas, asi como el paralelismo con los hallazgos del estudio de referencia

Joint attention and its relationship with autism risk markers at 18 months of age

(1) Joint attention is the ability to coordinate attention to share a point of reference with another person. It has an early onset and is a clear indicator of understanding the representations of others, and it is essential in the development of symbolic thought and the acquisition of language. Deficiencies in this prelinguistic early communication skill are strong markers of the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); (2) this longitudinal study aimed to evaluate joint attention skills in a group of 32 infants at two developmental moments (8 and 12 months) in order to explore whether their performance on this skill was related to the presence of early signs of ASD at 18 months. Logistic multiple regressions were carried out for the data analysis; (3) results of the analysis showed that the variables of initiating joint attention at 8 months and responding to joint attention at 12 months were linked to the risk of ASD at 18 months of age; (4) in conclusion, early joint attention skills had a pivotal role in defining early manifestations of ASD

Extranjeros en España en 1991

Foreigners in Spain en 1991. In 1991 two sources of remarkable importance for the knowlwdge of the Spanish inmigrational phenomenon coincided: the Population Census and the Regularization for alien workers and their families. This paper analyzes on the one hand the contrasts between the two sources, and on the other the total foreign population existing at that time in Spain and its characteristics.Extranjeros en España en 1991. En 1991 coinciden dos fuentes de singular importancia para el conocimiento del fenómeno inmigratorio en España: un censo de población y los datos estadísticos de la Regularización de trabajadores extranjeros y de sus familiares, llevada a cabo ese mismo año. En este trabajo se analizan los contrastes entre los extranjeros censados y los que acudieron a la Regularización y se realiza una estimación del volumen y características de la población de nacionalidad extranjera presente en España en esa fecha. [fr] Étrangers en Espagne en 1991. A 1991 il y a una coïncidence de deux sources de particulière importance pour la connaissance du phénomène inmigratoire en Espagne: le Recensement de Population et les données statistiques de la Régularisation des Travailleurs étrangers et de ses familles qui eut lieu la même année. Dans ce travail on analyse les contrastes entre les étrangers recensés et ceux qui ont eu recours à la Régularisation. On a fait aussi une estimation du volume de population de nationalité étrangère en Espagne à cette date-là

Contribución al estudio de la oxidación térmica del silicio y su aplicación a la microelectrónica

Tesis Univ. Complutense de Madrid, 1982.Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y ElectrónicaFac. de Ciencias FísicasTRUEProQuestpu

Evaluation and synthesis of 7-arylhydroxymethyltriazolopyridines as potential cardiovascular agents

7-Arylhydroxymethyltriazolopyridines 3a-c and 4a-d were synthesized by regioselective lithiation of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines 1 and 2 and subsequent trapping of the 7-lithioderivatives formed using aryl aldehydes as electrophiles. The structural relationship between compounds 3a-c and 4a-d and arylethanolamines suggested their consideration as potential cardiovascular agents. A preliminary evaluation as vascular smooth muscle relaxants was carried out. These compounds did not act as α1-adrenoceptor antagonists and were unable to block calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels.Abarca Gonzalez, Belen, [email protected] ; Ballesteros Campos, Rafael, [email protected] ; Ivorra Insa, Maria Dolores, [email protected] ; Valiente Bautista, Miguel, [email protected]

Automatic segmentation of the spine by means of a probabilistic atlas with a special focus on ribs suppression

[EN] Purpose: The development of automatic and reliable algorithms for the detection and segmentation of the vertebrae are of great importance prior to any diagnostic task. However, an important problem found to accurately segment the vertebrae is the presence of the ribs in the thoracic region. To overcome this problem, a probabilistic atlas of the spine has been developed dealing with the proximity of other structures, with a special focus on ribs suppression. Methods: The data sets used consist of Computed Tomography images corresponding to 21 patients suffering from spinal metastases. Two methods have been combined to obtain the final result: firstly, an initial segmentation is performed using a fully automatic level-set method; secondly, to refine the initial segmentation, a 3D volume indicating the probability of each voxel of belonging to the spine has been developed. In this way, a probability map is generated and deformed to be adapted to each testing case. Results: To validate the improvement obtained after applying the atlas, the Dice coefficient (DSC), the Hausdorff distance (HD), and the mean surface-to-surface distance (MSD) were used. The results showed up an average of 10 mm of improvement accuracy in terms of HD, obtaining an overall final average of 15.51 2.74 mm. Also, a global value of 91.01 3.18% in terms of DSC and a MSD of 0.66 0.25 mm were obtained. The major improvement using the atlas was achieved in the thoracic region, as ribs were almost perfectly suppressed. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the atlas is able to detect and appropriately eliminate the ribs while improving the segmentation accuracy.The authors thank the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) and FEDER funds under Grants TEC2012-33778 and BFU2015-64380-C2-2-R (D.M.) and DPI2013-4572-R (J.D., E.D.)Ruiz-España, S.; Domingo, J.; Díaz-Parra, A.; Dura, E.; D'ocon-Alcaniz, V.; Arana, E.; Moratal, D. (2017). 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