Aerobic performance tests related to training and competition running intensities for high performance distance runners

Orientador: Miguel de ArrudaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação FísicaResumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar testes de desempenho aeróbio utilizados para estimar o limiar anaeróbio (LAn) com intensidades de corrida em treinamento e competição. Os testes aplicados foram velocidade crítica (Vcrit) e máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL) e a amostra do estudo fundistas de alto rendimento. Estudos preliminares foram desenvolvidos para avaliar a confiabilidade e aplicabilidade da ferramenta utilizada na determinação de um parâmetro fisiológico de carga confiável (LAn). A metodologia utilizada foi descrita apresentando as técnicas e procedimentos para coletar os dados, assim como a seleção da amostra e o tratamento estatístico. O protocolo de teste de Vcrit para estimar o LAn, quando aplicado no modelo distância vs tempo e com tomada de tempo para 4 distâncias e 3 distâncias se mostrou eficaz e confiável, uma vez que não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos valores dessas variáveis. A aplicação dos instrumentos de monitoramento de carga, percepção subjetiva de intensidade (PSI) e percepção subjetiva de cansaço (PSC) se mostraram eficazes na escolha dos métodos, meios de treinamento e vias metabólicas trabalhadas quando relacionados à dinâmica de carga do microciclo-tipo, entretanto, não foram suficientemente sensíveis para identificar diferenças na acurácia entre as equações de predição de MFELmc e MFELms. Houve boa correlação entre as melhores marcas dos atletas na Meia Maratona vs Distância Limite e Meia Maratona vs Tempo Limite ( r= -0,8 e r= -0,6, respectivamente). As intensidades de corrida em competições oficiais de Meia Maratona, a Vcrit real e a MFELms mostraram importante relação na determinação de velocidades de treinamento e competições. Os métodos e meios de treinamento de fundistas de alto rendimento foram identificados e caracterizados, concluindo que o treinamento organizado contendo intensidades de corrida preditas através de parâmetros confiáveis deve prevalecer na busca do melhor desempenho possível. Os resultados atléticos conhecidos até o presente momento indicam a relevância de estudos fundamentados em respostas fisiológicas diretas para aplicação de intensidades de corrida em fundistas de elevado rendimentoAbstract: The purpose of this study was to relate aerobic performance tests used to estimate the anaerobic threshold (AT) to running intensities in training and competition. The tests applied were critical speed (CS) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and study sample high performance distance runners. Preliminary studies were developed as part of the literature review to support the tool that was used to determine a reliable load physiological parameter (AT), easily applicable and highly replicable. The methodology was described presenting the techniques and procedures for collecting data, as well as sample selection and statistical analysis. The CS test protocol to estimate the AT showed to be effective and reliable when applied to the distance vs time model by collecting the time for 4 distances and 3 distances, once no significant differences were found in the values of these variables. The application of the subjective perception of intensity (SPI) and subjective perception of fatigue (SPF) load tools for monitoring showed to be effective on the choice of methods, means training and metabolic pathways when related to microcycle-type dynamic loading, however, were not sufficiently sensitive to identify differences in accuracy between MLSScm and MLSSsm prediction equations. There was a good correlation between athletes personal bests Half Marathon vs Distance Limit and Half Marathon vs Time Limit (r = -0.8 and r = -0.6, respectively). The running intensities at Half Marathon official competitions, the real CS and MLSSsm, showed an important relation to determine the speed on training and competitions. The methods and means of training for high performance distance runners were identified and characterized, concluding that the organized training that contains predicted running intensities through reliable parameters should prevail in pursuit the best performance. The athletics results known so far indicate the relevance of studies based on direct physiological responses to application of intensities on high performance distance runnersDoutoradoCiencia do DesportoDoutor em Educação Físic

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects

Predição da intensidade de corrida em máxima fase estável de lactato a partir da velocidade de crítica em atletas fundistas de alto rendimento: relações com performances

A corrida de longa distância é considerada um fenômeno sócio-esportivo recente e de grande impacto na vida moderna. No segmento dos atletas profissionais, a busca por índices confiáveis de avaliação aeróbia, bem como programas de treinamento eficazes e de fácil aplicabilidade é contínua. O tema central desse trabalho foi fornecer uma ferramenta adequada e precisa para se determinar o atual estado da forma do atleta de fundo de alto rendimento, bem como predizer intensidades de carga confiáveis para treinamento e competição. Para tanto, foi estabelecida uma relação matemática entre dois testes de avaliação aeróbia: Máxima Fase Estável de Lactato (MFEL) e Velocidade Crítica (Vcrit). Nove atletas fundistas de alto rendimento, que participaram de seleções nacionais em competições internacionais, tomaram parte no experimento. As melhores marcas pessoais desses atletas correspondem à média ± erro padrão de 91,54 ± 0,93 % da velocidade de corrida do recorde mundial (considerados até o ano de 2007) de sua prova específica. Os testes foram realizados na fase final do período de treinamento de preparação geral. Inicialmente foi aplicado o teste de Vcrit nas distâncias de 800m, 1500m, 3.000m e 5.000m, realizadas aleatoriamente e em dias subseqüentes. A seguir, foi aplicado o teste clássico de MFEL, com duração de 30 min de corrida contínua e coleta de amostras de sangue (25μL) a cada 5 min, para determinação das concentrações de lactato (YSI 1500 sport). Para oito atletas a MFEL ocorreu na intensidade correspondente a 98% da Vcrit, sendo o restante obtido a 90% da Vcrit. A Vcrit (19,1±0,1 km/h) superestimou (p=0,005) os valores de MFEL (18,7±0,2 km/h). Houve correlação significativa entre Vcrit e MFEL (p=0,002, r=0,88). A equação obtida pela regressão foi MFEL=0,9673*Vcrit+0,2061, com erro padrão da estimativa de 0,236...The purpose of this study was to establish a mathematical relationship between the MLSS and the critical speed (CS) in high performance distance runners. Nine male high performance athletes were tested (28±2years), with personal bests of their specific events corresponding a mean ± ESE of 91,54 ± 0,93 % of world record running speed (updated 2007). The athletes were submitted to the CS test, which is the linear regression of the distances (800, 1.500, 3.000 and 5.000m) and their respective time. The CS was determined by the angular coefficient of the linear regression. For all athletes, the regression coefficient (R2) was equal to 1,0. The predicted workloads for the MLSS determination were: 100, 98, 95 and 90% of the CS, randomized and in a continuous way in subsequent days. In this test, the athletes run for 30 min, and it was collected blood samples (25μL) at each 5 min, to determine the lactate concentration (YSI 1500 sport). It was determined stable the non lactate variation higher than 1,0 mmol/L between the 10th and 30th minute. The MLSS has occurred for 8 athletes on the 98% intensity of CS and for 1 athlete on the 90%. The CS (19,1±0,1 km/h) overestimated (p=0,005) the MLSS values (18,7±0,2 km/h). There was significant correlation between CS and MLSS (p=0,002, r=0,88). The regression equation was MLSS=0,9673*CS+0,2061, with estimated standard error of 0,236. There was excellent application of distances to determine the CS in elite distance runners, as well as the parameter accuracy to the “gold standard” intensity verified with the MLSS test. These responses, associated with the low standard estimated error, suggest safety at the MLSS determination through the predicted equation proposed

Respostas fisiológicas ao exercício agudo em ratos obesos tratados com metformina

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as respostas fisiológicas ao exercício agudo em ratos Wistar obesos, tratados com metformina. Os animais receberam injeção subcutânea de glutamato monossódico (4mg/g peso corporal), para indução da obesidade. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos, conforme o tratamento recebido: obesos controles (OC); obesos metformina (OM); obesos controles exercitados (OCE) e obesos metformina exercitados (OME). Foram analisados, antes e após uma sessão de exercício agudo: glicose sérica (mg/dL), triglicerídeos (g/100g), colesterol total (mg/dL) e hematócrito (%). Os valores de glicose sérica e colesterol total foram reduzidos significativamente no grupo controle exercitado (OCE - 68,4 ± 14,7 e 70,8 ± 18,3) em comparação ao grupo controle sedentário (OC - 83,6 ± 12,8 e 91,3 ± 9,6). A administração de metformina isoladamente diminuiu a concentração de glicose de 83,6 ± 12,8 (OC) para 70,8 ± 5,9 (OM). Por outro lado, a associação de metformina com exercício aumentou a disponibilidade de triacilgliceróis livres após a atividade (OM - 166,6 ± 11,3, OME - 184,0 ± 4,3). em conclusão o programa de intervenção utilizado (exercício físico agudo) mostrou-se eficiente na homeostasia glicêmica, bem como, nos níveis circulantes de lipídios em ratos obesos tratados com metformina.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses to intense exercise in obese Wistar rats treated with metformin. To induce obesity, all animals were infused with monosodic glutamate (4 mg/g of body weight) via subcutaneous injection. The rats were divided in 4 groups according to the received treatment: obese control (OC); obese metformin ( OM); obese control exercise (OCE) and obese metformin exercise (OME). Before and after one session of intense exercise the following parameters were measured: serum glucose (mg/dl), triglycerides (g/100g), total cholesterol (mg/dl) and haematocrit (%). The values of serum glucose and total cholesterol were significantly reduced in control exercise group (OCE - 68.4 ± 14.7 and 70.8 ±18.3) compared to obese control sedentary group (OC - 83.6 ± 12.8 and 91.3 ± 9.6). The isolate metformin infusion decreased the glucose concentration from 83.6 ± 12.8 (OC) to 70.8 ± 5.9 (OM). on the other hand, metformin associated with exercise increased the availability of free triglycerides after exercise (OM - 166.6 ± 11.3, OME - 184.0 ± 4.3). In conclusion, the present intervention program (intense physical exercise) showed to be efficient on glicemic homeostasis, as well as on lipids circulatory levels in obese rats treated with metformin.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP