Non-legislated emissions and PN of two passenger cars with gasoline-butanol blends

Increasing the sustainability of individual transportation and replacing a part of fossil energy in traffic by renewable energy carriers are worldwide important objectives. Bioalcohols are generally recognized as one of very useful alternatives. The global share of bioethanol used for transportation is continuously increasing. Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is considered in the last years as an interesting alternative fuel, both for diesel and for gasoline application. Its advantages for engine operation are: good miscibility with gasoline and diesel fuels, higher calorific value than ethanol, lower hygroscopicity, lower corrosivity and possibility of replacing aviation fuels. In the present work, the emissions of two gasoline vehicles – with older and with newer technology – were investigated in dynamic-, stationary and cold start operation

Influences of special driving situations on emissions of passenger cars

Emission factors and emission inventories are an im-portant source of data for compiling and modelling the emissions of traffic in different situations. There is in EU a continuous work and development of emission data inventories, [1–6]. Since the introduction (in 2017) of the road-testing (RDE – real driving emissions) as an obligatory element of the legal testing procedures, the increased amount of RDE-data can be used for different objectives, such as: further development of emission inventories, compliance with “In-Service Conformity” (ISC, EU regulation 2018/1832) and market surveillance activities (EU regulation 2018/858). Extensive activities of testing RDE by means of PEMS (portable emissions measuring systems) have been per-formed in the last years, aiming not only the emissions but also the improvements of instrumentation, of testing procedures and of evaluation [5–17]. A well-known fact is that the emissions at cold start, during the warm-up and at the low speed phases of urban operation, both in the laboratory and on the road, tend to be higher for all pollutants [13, 18–24]. This fact supports even the idea for future introduction of urban emission limits for the short trips, which are very frequent in Europe [5]. In order to enable an automatic co-evaluation of emissions from the special (non)driving situations, the necessary definitions were proposed in the present work. With these definitions, the RDE data of 7 vehicles were processed and the emissions in special driving situations were obtained (part 1). Additionally, some special situations like cold start, warm-up and stop&go were reproduced on the chassis dynamometer with cars of different ages and different tech-nology (part 2). This paper gives some new insights in the topic of emissions from special driving situations

HCI Research Transfer to Practice: Better Together

Currently, HCI researchers and HCI practitioners work in relatively separate spheres of influence. Practitioners often question the value of academic HCI research and desire more practical directions. HCI researchers often wonder if their research findings are communicated via the optimal channels for influencing practitioners’ process and direction, or whether their results generalize to the real workaday world of HCI. This panel attempts to outline what practitioners need from their academic partners, and how they think these needs can be addressed by academic research. Academics on the panel will state what they see as interesting future research challenges, and whether or how they think they can address the practitioner community’s interests. The practitioners on the panel will then state their opinions about the opportunities for technology transfer from academia to practice

Non-Regulated Emissions and PN of Two Passenger Cars with Diesel-Butanol Blends

Biofuels represent one of the alternatives to obtain the CO2-neutral propulsion of IC-engines. Butanol, which can be produced from biomass, is considered and was investigated in the last years due to the very advantageous characteristics of this alternative fuel. Butanol can be easily and irreversibly blended both with light (gasoline) and heavier (Diesel) fuels. Comparing with ethanol it has the advantages of: higher calorific value, lower hygroscopicity and lower corrosivity. It can replace the aviation fuels. This paper presents the emission results obtained on two Diesel passenger cars with different technology (Euro2 and Euro6c) and with addition of Butanol to Diesel fuel, as a part of the research project DiBut (Diesel and Butanol). Interesting results are given about some non-legislated (non-regulated) components, Acetaldehyde (MeCHO) and Formaldehyde (HCHO) and about the PN-emissions with/without DPF

Testing and evaluating real driving emissions with PEMS

Testing of real driving emissions (RDE) with portable emission measuring system (PEMS) in an appropriate road circuit became an obligatory element of new type approval of passenger cars since September 2017. In several projects the Laboratory for Exhaust Emissions Control (AFHB) of the Berne University of Applied Sciences (BFH) performed comparisons on passenger cars with different PEMS’s on chassis dynamometer and on road, considering the quality and the correlations of results. Particle number measuring systems (PN PEMS) were also included in the tests. The present paper informs about influences of E85 on RDE on two flex-fuel-vehicles, discusses some aspects of different ways of evaluation with different programs, shows comparison of different types of PN PEMS and represents the effects of simulation of slope on the chassis dynamometer

Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County

Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall

Promoting Bicycle Commuter Safety, Research Report 11-08

We present an overview of the risks associated with cycling to emphasize the need for safety. We focus on the application of frameworks from social psychology to education, one of the 5 Es—engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation. We use the structure of the 5 Es to organize information with particular attention to engineering and education in the literature review. Engineering is essential because the infrastructure is vital to protecting cyclists. Education is emphasized since the central focus of the report is safety

Radiotherapy as nose preservation treatment strategy for cancer of the nasal vestibule:the Dutch experience

Contains fulltext : 238459.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access

New loci for body fat percentage reveal link between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk

To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of adiposity and its links to cardiometabolic disease risk, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of body fat percentage (BF%) in up to 100,716 individuals. Twelve loci reached genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10−8), of which eight were previously associated with increased overall adiposity (BMI, BF%) and four (in or near COBLL1/GRB14, IGF2BP1, PLA2G6, CRTC1) were novel associations with BF%. Seven loci showed a larger effect on BF% than on BMI, suggestive of a primary association with adiposity, while five loci showed larger effects on BMI than on BF%, suggesting association with both fat and lean mass. In particular, the loci more strongly associated with BF% showed distinct cross-phenotype association signatures with a range of cardiometabolic traits revealing new insights in the link between adiposity and disease risk