INTAKES OF SELECTED NUTRIENTS, BONE MINERALISATION AND DENSITY OF ADOLESCENT FEMALE SWIMMERS OVER A THREE-YEAR PERIOD

The aim of this study was to conduct three-year monitoring of bone mineralization (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of adolescent girls engaged in swimming at the time of attaining the peak bone mass and of their counterparts leading a rather sedentary life, considering the intakes of calcium, phosphorus and protein, as well as the proportions among those nutrients. Two groups of girls aged 11–13 years were studied 3 times at yearly intervals: untrained controls (n = 20) and those engaged in competitive swimming (n = 20). Bone density was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the lumbar spine (L2 – L4). Nutrient intakes (energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus) were assessed from 24-h recalls. The group of swimmers had significantly lower BMI values than the control group. No systematic, significant between-group differences were found in nutrient intake or in bone mineralization variables. Calcium intake was below the recommended norm in all subjects but mean values of bone mineralization variables (BMC, BMD) steadily increased in both groups. The BMD z-scores proved negative throughout the three-year period of early adolescence in both groups of girls and that decrease was significant in swimmers. This could have been due to insufficient calcium intake as well as to inadequate calcium-to-phosphate and protein-to-calcium ratios and, when continued, might result in a decreased bone mass in adulthood

Wykorzystanie metody IPA do oceny usług hotelu SPA Kazimierski Zdrój w Janowcu

Quality of services is one of the most important initiators of customers’ satisfaction, as well as their loyalty. Hence, hotel managers should know how to measure the quality of the services provided, as well as customers’ satisfaction. This paper identifies the results of a questionnaire survey to measure service quality in spa hotel Kazimierski Zdrój. Service quality was measured using 17 items, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, distributed in 2016 to the hotel's guests

Nutrition and somatic traits of women with different physical activity and various menstrual status: Diet, somatic traits and physical activity of women

Background. There are publications which indicate a relationship between dietary pattern and somatic traits. Others report on link between somatic traits and physical activity. However, sparse studies discuss relationship between these three factors, i.e. nutrition, somatic traits and physical activity. Objectives. This survey aimed to analyze relationships between nutrition (amount and source of energy in food) and somatic traits (body height, body mass, fat content of the body) of women with different physical activity and various menstrual status. Material and methods. Investigations covered 312 women who were assessed for: somatic traits, average daily energy consumption and percentage contribution of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in providing energy. The physical activity was assessed by computing the physical activity index (PAI) being a ratio of daily energy expenditure (DEE) to basal metabolic rate (BMR). Among the women two groups were distinguished based on centile charts of the PAI developed for a given population, i.e.: women with a low (PAI≤10 cpts) and women with a high (PAI≥90 cpts) level of physical activity. Results. The highly physically active women were characterized by a lower body fat content, lower BMI values, and higher percentage of lean body mass compared to the women with a low level of physical activity. The highly active women showed a tendency for an increased consumption of whole-meal bread, milk and dairy products, vegetables (including potatoes), fruits, and sweets as well as a tendency for a reduced consumption of meat and processed meat products, both types of butter, and lard, compared to the little active women. Conclusions. It seems that the physical activity of the women had a direct impact on their nutrition. In turn, by affecting the somatic traits (body mass and composition), their eating habits could influence their physical activity

THE USE OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN THE RESEARCH ON SHOPPING PREFERENCES REGARDING REGIONAL PRODUCTS FROM LUBELSKIE VOIVODESHIP

An increasing awareness of consumers is reflected in a growing demand for products which are manufactured in a particular way, with unique ingredients, or which are of a particular origin. The analysis of consumers’ preferences makes it possible to define factors which determine the purchase of regional products. The aim of the work was to identify factors which determine the purchase of regional products from Lubelskie Voivodeship on the basis of cluster analysis using Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method. The research was carried out in 2016 and included 383 individuals. Statistical analysis of results was conducted on the basis of frequency analysis and cluster analysis. According to the respondents, the most frequently purchased regional products included bakery products (47%), dairy products (35.3%), meat (33.3%), and alcoholic beverages (29.4%). Over 53% of the respondents claimed that the prices of regional products are too high, every third person (29.6%) concluded that they are reasonable, while slightly over 3% of the respondents said they are low. Television and the Internet as well as close relatives and friends appeared to be the best forms of reaching the client with information concerning regional products when bringing them out on the market. However, the most common places where regional products were purchased were food fairs and festivals. Every second respondent purchased regional products at least once a month. Additionally, it was revealed that the consumers’ income was not a decisive factor when purchasing regional products. Despite financial stability, individuals who could be defined as “rich” in Polish conditions purchased regional products relatively rarely

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among students with different levels of physical activity

Civilisation changes helped to improve living conditions in societies but at the same time they posed numerous new threats to the health of a contemporary human. The aim of the work was to define differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors in male and female sports university students with different levels of physical activity. The study included 164 female and 174 male first-year students of the Department of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska. Body weight and height, circumference of waist, hips, arm and calf as well as elbow and knee breadth were measured. BMI and WHR were calculated. Fat tissue was assessed and the levels of glucose, lipid profile, pulse and blood pressure were taken. Moreover, physical activity and a diet of students were determined. Female and male students of physical education and sport demonstrated a higher level of daily physical activity, which was statistically significant compared to other students. However, different levels of physical activity did not influence their diet or the results of their biochemical and physiological tests. Healththreatening factors were noted in a significant number of the examined women and men.Los cambios sociales han ayudado a mejorar las condiciones de vida de la comunidad, pero al mismo tiempo han causado la aparición de muchos riesgos para la salud del hombre, los cuales antes habian sido desconocidos. El propósito de este estudio es identificar las diferencias en la frecuencia de los factores causantes del síndrome metabólico, específicas para estudiantes de ambos sexos de una universidad de deporte, contienen actividad física. Se han examinado a 164 chicas y 174 chicos de primer curso de la universidad de deporte en Biała Podlaska. Han sido pesados, y su altura, cintura, caderas, brazos, piernas y el ancho y la base del brazo y la rodilla han sido medidas. Se ha calculado el tamaño del IMC y la RCC. Se ha estimado la cantidad de grasa corporal y se ha determinado el nivel de glucosa, perfil lipídico, la frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial. Se ha especificado la actividad física y la dieta de los estudiantes. Los estudiantes de educación física y deporte, en relación con los estudiantes de otras carreras, se caracterizan por un nivel significativamente más alto de la actividad física diaria. Por el contrario, los diferentes niveles de la actividad física no se reflejan en sus hábitos alimenticios, ni en los resultados de la investigación bioquímica y fisiológica. En una gran cantidad de mujeres y hombres encuestados se han observado factores de riesgo para la salud

Assessment of somatic developmental status of the male students from various fields of study at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska

Wprowadzenie: Analiza piśmiennictwa wskazuje występowanie ścisłych podobieństw w cechach morfologicznych w odniesieniu do zespołów wykonujących tę samą pracę, uprawiających tę samą dyscyplinę sportową bądź studiujących na tym samym kierunku. W obecnej sytuacji niżu demograficznego i jednocześnie silnej konkurencji na rynku edukacyjnym coraz częściej podnosi się kwestie nie tylko poziomu nauczania, ale również kompetencji i predyspozycji samych studentów. Cel: Za cel pracy przyjęło analizę rozwoju somatycznego mężczyzn studiujących na różnych kierunkach w WWFiS w Białej Podlaskiej Materiał i metody: Materiał do pracy stanowią dane antropometryczne 175 studentów pierwszego roku WWFiS w Białej Podlaskiej. Analizowaną kohortę mężczyzn podzielono na zespoły, uwzględniając profil studiów. Techniką Martina i Sallera wykonano pomiary cech antropometrycznych niezbędnych do obliczenia wskaźnika BMI, WHR i oszacowania składu tkankowego ciała. Do charakterystyki zgromadzonych zmiennych wykorzystano: wielkość próby (n) średnią arytmetyczną (x ~ ) oraz odchylenie standardowe (SD). Różnice w wielkości analizowanych cech pomiędzy wyłonionymi grupami oszacowano z wykorzystaniem testu t-Studenta dla danych niezależnych. Wyniki: Badania własne potwierdziły doniesienia innych autorów podejmujących problematykę analizy związków budowy ciała z profilem kształcenia. Stąd należy uznać, że selekcja związana z naborem na studia wychowania fizycznego w znacznym stopniu determinuje budowę ciała młodzieży. Wnioski: Odnotowane różnice międzygrupowe w wielkości beztłuszczowej masy ciała oraz poziomie otłuszczenia, jak i jego dystrybucji można uznać za efekt różnic w stylu życia badanych mężczyzn wynikających między innymi z profilu kształcenia.Introduction: The analysis of literature revealed close similarities concerning morphological features in groups of people performing the same work, practising the same sport or studying in the same field of study. In the present situation of the demographic low and strong competition on the educational market, the issues of the level of education as well as competences and predispositions of students are discussed more and more often. Aim: The aim of the work was to analyse somatic development of male students from various fields of study at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska. Material and methods: The material included anthropometric data of 175 first-year students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska. The analysed cohort of men was divided into groups according to the field of study. The measurements of anthropometric features indispensable for calculating BMI, WHR and body composition were madewith the use of Martin and Saller technique. In order to describe the collected variables, sample size (n), arithmetic mean (x ~ ) and standard deviation (SD) were used. Differences between the selected groups concerning the analysed features were estimated with the use of Student’s t-test for independent data. Results: The findings were in line with publications of other authors analysing the correlations between body build and the field of study. Therefore, it should be concluded that the selection for physical education studies to a large extent determines body build of the students. Conclusions: The observed differences between groups concerning fat-free mass and the level of adiposity as well as its distribution may have stemmed from the differences in lifestyle of the examined men that resulted, inter alia, from their field of study

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among students with different levels of physical activity

Civilisation changes helped to improve living conditions in societies but at the same time they posed numerous new threats to the health of a contemporary human. The aim of the work was to define differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors in male and female sports university students with different levels of physical activity. The study included 164 female and 174 male first-year students of the Department of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska. Body weight and height, circumference of waist, hips, arm and calf as well as elbow and knee breadth were measured. BMI and WHR were calculated. Fat tissue was assessed and the levels of glucose, lipid profile, pulse and blood pressure were taken. Moreover, physical activity and a diet of students were determined. Female and male students of physical education and sport demonstrated a higher level of daily physical activity, which was statistically significant compared to other students. However, different levels of physical activity did not influence their diet or the results of their biochemical and physiological tests. Healththreatening factors were noted in a significant number of the examined women and men

Assessment of nutritional behaviour of children aged 3-7 from selected kindergartens in Biala Podlaska county

Background. Children constitute a group that is particularly susceptible to the effects of improper nutrition. The knowledge of parents and guardians about proper nutrition affects their children’s nutritional habits and behaviours. Children develop their patterns of nutritional behaviours on the basis of their observations of nutritional habits of adults, nutrition trends and nutritional education. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess nutritional behaviours of children aged 3-7 from selected kindergartens in Biala Podlaska county. Material and methods. The research included 549 children, i.e. 258 girls (47%) and 291 boys (53%) aged 3-7 years. The study was conducted in 2015 within the county health prevention and promotion programme titled “Together for heart” in several selected kindergartens in Biala Podlaska county. A questionnaire prepared by the authors and distributed among parents of the examined children was used in the study. The questions regarded the frequency and number of meals, types of products consumed between the meals and the frequency of consuming fruit and vegetables, sweets, fizzy drinks, fast foods and milk or dairy products (natural yoghurt, kefir, cottage cheese). Differences between the responses to the questions in groups divided according to sex were analysed with the use of χ2 test (G function). Results. It was revealed that 219 girls (84.9%) and 273 boys (93.8%) had at least four meals a day while 23.7% of the children left home without breakfast. The main meal, i.e. dinner, was eaten by 227 girls and 256 boys every day, which constituted 88% of each gender group. In turn, 20 girls and 27 boys (8% and 9% of the study participants, respectively) regularly skipped supper. The most common products consumed between the main meals were fruit and vegetables (eaten by 44% of the girls and 39% of the boys). It was declared that dairy products (milk, natural yoghurt and/or kefir) were consumed once a week or less frequently by 43% of the girls and 45% of the boys. Cottage cheese was equally rarely eaten, i.e. 48% of the girls and 44% of the boys reported having it once a week or less frequently. The study also revealed insufficient consumption of fish. It was eaten once a week or less frequently by 60% of the girls and 50% of the boys. Conclusions. The assessment of nutritional behaviours revealed mistakes which may negatively affect proper development if they are repeated. It seems necessary to implement nutritional education among children and their parents in order to shape proper nutritional behaviours and correct mistakes

Bone Mineral Status of Young Men With Different Levels of Physical Activity

Introduction. The study sought to assess bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in men with different levels of physical activity during the period of reaching peak bone mas

Reproducibility of a Short-Form, Multicomponent Dietary Questionnaire to Assess Food Frequency Consumption, Nutrition Knowledge, and Lifestyle (SF-FFQ4PolishChildren) in Polish Children and Adolescents

The aim of the study was to assess the reproducibility of a short-form, multicomponent dietary questionnaire (SF-FFQ4PolishChildren) in Polish children and adolescents. The study involved 437 children (6–10 years old) and 630 adolescents (11–15 years old) from rural and urban areas of Poland. The self-administered questionnaire was related to nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, active/sedentary lifestyle, self-reported weight and height, and socioeconomic data. The questionnaire was completed with a two-week interval—twice by parents for their children (test and retest for children), twice by adolescents themselves (adolescent’s test and retest) and once by adolescents’ parents (parent’s test). The strength of agreement measured using the kappa statistic was interpreted as follows: 0–0.20 slight, 0.21–0.40 fair, 0.41–0.60 moderate, 0.61–0.80 good, and 0.81–1.00 excellent. Regarding the frequency of consumption of food items and meals, kappa statistics were 0.46–0.81 (the lowest: fruit/mixed fruit and vegetable juices; the highest: Energy drinks) in test–retest for children, 0.30–0.54 (fruit/mixed fruit and vegetable juices; breakfast, respectively) in adolescent’s test–retest, 0.27–0.56 (the lowest: Sweets, fruit, dairy products; the highest: Breakfast) in adolescent’s test and parent’s test. Lower kappa statistics were found for more frequently consumed foods (juices, fruit, vegetables), higher kappa statistics were found for rarely consumed foods (energy drinks, fast food). Across study groups, kappa statistics for diet quality scores were 0.31–0.55 (pro-healthy diet index, pHDI) and 0.26–0.45 (non-healthy diet index, nHDI), for active/sedentary lifestyle items they were 0.31–0.72, for components of the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) they were 0.55–0.93, for BMI categories (based on self-reported weight and height) they were 0.64–0.67, for the nutrition knowledge (NK) of adolescents the kappa was 0.36, for the nutrition knowledge of children’s parents it was 0.62. The Spearman’s correlations for diet quality scores were 0.52–0.76 (pHDI) and 0.53–0.83 (nHDI), for screen time score they were 0.45–0.78, for physical activity score they were 0.51–0.77, for the FAS score they were 0.90–0.93, and for the NK score they were 0.68–0.80. The questionnaire can be recommended to evaluate dietary and lifestyle behaviors among children and adolescents