Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy Analysis as a Measurement of Complexity between ECG R-R Interval and PPG Pulse Amplitude Series among the Normal and Diabetic Subjects

Physiological signals often show complex fluctuation (CF) under the dual influence of temporal and spatial scales, and CF can be used to assess the health of physiologic systems in the human body. This study applied multiscale cross-approximate entropy (MC-ApEn) to quantify the complex fluctuation between R-R intervals series and photoplethysmography amplitude series. All subjects were then divided into the following two groups: healthy upper middle-aged subjects (Group 1, age range: 41–80 years, n=27) and upper middle-aged subjects with type 2 diabetes (Group 2, age range: 41–80 years, n=24). There are significant differences of heart rate variability, LHR, between Groups 1 and 2 (1.94±1.21 versus 1.32±1.00, P=0.031). Results demonstrated differences in sum of large scale MC-ApEn (MC-ApEnLS) (5.32±0.50 versus 4.74±0.78, P=0.003). This parameter has a good agreement with pulse-pulse interval and pulse amplitude ratio (PAR), a simplified assessment for baroreflex activity. In conclusion, this study employed the MC-ApEn method, integrating multiple temporal and spatial scales, to quantify the complex interaction between the two physical signals. The MC-ApEnLS parameter could accurately reflect disease process in diabetics and might be another way for assessing the autonomic nerve function

Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy Analysis as a Measurement of Complexity between ECG R-R Interval and PPG Pulse Amplitude Series among the Normal and Diabetic Subjects

Physiological signals often show complex fluctuation (CF) under the dual influence of temporal and spatial scales, and CF can be used to assess the health of physiologic systems in the human body. This study applied multiscale cross-approximate entropy (MCApEn) to quantify the complex fluctuation between R-R intervals series and photoplethysmography amplitude series. All subjects were then divided into the following two groups: healthy upper middle-aged subjects (Group 1, age range: 41-80 years, = 27) and upper middle-aged subjects with type 2 diabetes (Group 2, age range: 41-80 years, = 24). There are significant differences of heart rate variability, LHR, between Groups 1 and 2 (1.94 ± 1.21 versus 1.32 ± 1.00, = 0.031). Results demonstrated differences in sum of large scale MC-ApEn (MC-ApEn LS ) (5.32 ± 0.50 versus 4.74 ± 0.78, = 0.003). This parameter has a good agreement with pulse-pulse interval and pulse amplitude ratio (PAR), a simplified assessment for baroreflex activity. In conclusion, this study employed the MC-ApEn method, integrating multiple temporal and spatial scales, to quantify the complex interaction between the two physical signals. The MC-ApEn LS parameter could accurately reflect disease process in diabetics and might be another way for assessing the autonomic nerve function

Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy Analysis as a Measure of Complexity among the Aged and Diabetic

Complex fluctuations within physiological signals can be used to evaluate the health of the human body. This study recruited four groups of subjects: young healthy subjects (Group 1, n=32), healthy upper middle-aged subjects (Group 2, n=36), subjects with well-controlled type 2 diabetes (Group 3, n=31), and subjects with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (Group 4, n=24). Data acquisition for each participant lasted 30 minutes. We obtained data related to consecutive time series with R-R interval (RRI) and pulse transit time (PTT). Using multiscale cross-approximate entropy (MCE), we quantified the complexity between the two series and thereby differentiated the influence of age and diabetes on the complexity of physiological signals. This study used MCE in the quantification of complexity between RRI and PTT time series. We observed changes in the influences of age and disease on the coupling effects between the heart and blood vessels in the cardiovascular system, which reduced the complexity between RRI and PTT series