Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a meta-analysis

CONTEXT: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common disorder that can cause hypertension during childhood, but the true prevalence of hypertension during childhood is not known. OBJECTIVE: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of hypertension in children with ADPKD. DATA SOURCES: Systematic review of articles published between 1980 and 2015 in MEDLINE and EMBASE. STUDY SELECTION: Studies selected by two authors independently if reporting data on prevalence of hypertension in children and young persons aged 15 children. Articles were excluded if inadequate diagnostic criteria for hypertension were used. Studies with selection bias were included but analysed separately. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extracted on prevalence of hypertension, proteinuria and reduced renal function using standardised form. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate weighted mean prevalence. RESULTS: 903 articles were retrieved from our search; 14 studies met the inclusion criteria: 1 prospective randomised controlled trial; 8 prospective observational studies; and 5 retrospective cross-sectional studies. From 928 children with clinically confirmed ADPKD, 20% (95% CI 15% to 27%) were hypertensive. The estimated prevalence of proteinuria in children with ADPKD is 20% (8 studies; 95% CI 9% to 40%) while reduced renal function occurred in 8% (5 studies; 95% CI 2% to 26%). LIMITATIONS: Studies showed a high degree of methodological heterogeneity (I(2)=73.4%, τ(2)=0.3408, p<0.0001). Most studies did not use ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring to diagnose hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis we estimate 20% of children with ADPKD have hypertension. In the population, many children with ADPKD are not under regular follow-up and remain undiagnosed. We recommend that all children at risk of ADPKD have regular BP measurement

Collaborating around digital tabletops: children’s physical strategies from the UK, India and Finland

We present a study of children collaborating around interactive tabletops in three different countries: the United Kingdom, India and Finland. Our data highlights the key distinctive physical strategies used by children when performing collaborative tasks during this study. Children in the UK tend to prefer static positioning with minimal physical contact and simultaneous object movement. Children in India employed dynamic positioning with frequent physical contact and simultaneous object movement. Children in Finland used a mixture of dynamic and static positioning with minimal physical contact and object movement. Our findings indicate the importance of understanding collaboration strategies and behaviours when designing and deploying interactive tabletops in heterogeneous educational environments. We conclude with a discussion on how designers of tabletops for schools can provide opportunities for children in different countries to define and shape their own collaboration strategies for small group learning that take into account their different classroom practices

Change and the muslim world

viii, 46 hlm.; ilus.; 30 cm

Cyber-relations in the Field of Home Computer Use for Leisure: Bourdieu and teenage technological experts

This article highlights the practice of a group of New Zealand teenagers who are considered by their family and themselves to be technological experts. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s key concepts of habitus, field and capital, this text identifies and discusses the cyber-relations that constitute the practice in the field of home computer use for leisure. The purpose of this article is to claim that though this field is predominantly a field of leisure, these are valid sites of informal learning. As almost all of the experts in the study gained their expertise through independent means, with minimal input from their schooling, discussion focuses on what these informal trajectories to technological expertise might mean for pedagogy and formal learning within schools