Xylophagous alien invasive beetles (Coleoptera) in the Maltese Islands

In recent years, the Mediterranean basin has been invaded by a substantial number of alien wood-boring beetles, which represent some of the most destructive economic pests worldwide. The term wood-boring beetles encompasses many species of xylophagous beetles whose larval or adult stages eat and destroy wood. The most speciose Coleoptera families of wood-boring beetles include the Cerambycidae, Curculionoidea, Buprestidae and Bostrichidae. The majority of alien wood-boring species are native to southern Asia with a few records from North America. Most of these introductions take place accidentally mostly via international trade of goods, commodities, wood packaging materials and live plants.peer-reviewe

The specific chemical profile of Mediterranean propolis from Malta

Seventeen Maltese propolis samples were studied by GC–MS after silylation. They exhibited the typical Mediterranean chemical profile, rich in diterpene compounds (18–92% of TIC, GC–MS): 32 individual diterpenes were identified; 22 of them were present in each specimen. The other abundant compound group was that of sugars and sugar derivatives. In some samples, however, another compound group was observed (0–12% of TIC, GC–MS); the corresponding mass spectra were consistent with monoand sesquiterpenyl esters of substituted benzoic acids. Two new propolis constituents of this group, daucane diterpene esters of hydroxybenzoic acids, were isolated. Their origin is suggested to be Ferula communis, as they are taxonomic markers for this species. All propolis samples were active against Staphylococcus aureus but only those with high concentrations of terpenyl esters showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The present results confirm that Mediterranean propolis is a valuable natural product with potential to improve human health.peer-reviewe

Environment or genetic isolation? An atypical intestinal microbiota in the Maltese honeybee Apis mellifera spp. ruttneri

Apis mellifera evolved mainly in African, Asian and European continents over thousands of years, leading to the selection of a considerable number of honey bees subspecies that have adapted to various environments such as hot semi-desert zones and cold temperate zones. With the evolution of honey bee subspecies, it is possible that environmental conditions, food sources and microbial communities typical of the colonised areas have shaped the honey bee gut microbiota. In this study the microbiota of two distinct lineages (mitochondrial haplotypes) of bees Apis mellifera ruttneri (lineage A) and Apis mellifera ligustica and carnica (both lineage C) were compared. Honey bee guts were collected in a dry period in the respective breeding areas (the island of Malta and the regions of Emilia-Romagna and South Tyrol in Italy). Microbial DNA from the honey bee gut was extracted and amplified for the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and for ITS2 for fungi. The analyses carried out show that the Maltese lineage A honey bees have a distinctive microbiota when compared to Italian lineage C honey bees, with the most abundant genera being Bartonellaceae and Lactobacillaceae, respectively. Lactobacillaceae in Maltese Lineage A honey bees consist mainly of Apilactobacillus instead of Lactobacillus and Bombilactobacillus in the lineage C. Lineage A honey bee gut microbiota also harbours higher proportions of Arsenophonus, Bombella, Commensalibacter and Pseudomonas when compared to lineage C. The environment seems to be the main driver in the acquisition of these marked differences in the gut microbiota . However, the influence of other factors such as host genetics, seasonality or geography may still play a significant role in the microbiome shaping, in synergy with the environmental aspects

Balancing conflicting needs : a case study in the conservation of the endemic honeybee, Apis mellifera ruttneri

Apis mellifera ruttneri is an endemic honeybee confined to the Maltese Islands and is one of just ten honey bee sub-species described in Europe. It is an important receptacle of environmental adaptations and if it is to thrive, it is essential that suitable habitats that can provide adequate foraging, with minimal exposure to competitors and pathogens are available.peer-reviewe

A comparative study of colony performance, hygienic behaviour and parasite and disease infection in the endemic honeybee A. M. Ruttneri and the introduced A. M. Ligustica in Malta

Apis mellifera ruttneri, the honey bee subspecies endemic to Malta, must be regarded as seriously endangered. However, there is a critical need for scientific data to support and guide conservation measures, since only two scientific papers concerning this subspecies were published since its original description in 1997. To this end in June 2017, a first systematic study was initiated to compare colony development, performance, hygienic behaviour and infection levels of honey bee diseases of the endemic honey bee with introduced colonies of A. m. ligustica. A total of 33 colonies (A. m. ruttneri, n=15 and A. m. ligustica, n=18, headed by sister queens) were evenly distributed across two locations on Malta, at a central site UNI (n=17) and a site in the Southern region SIGG (n=16). After an initial treatment against Varroa destructor, no further chemical treatment was performed. Standard methods are used to assess colony productivity and behaviour (number of adult bees, number of brood cells, number of visible cells with pollen) in regular intervals. Hygienic behaviour is assessed using the pin test method; Varroa infestation is monitored using powdered-sugar and natural mite fall methods. Assessment of infection levels with Nosema spp. and the most common honey bee viruses is also being carried out. The selected commercial stocks of A. m. ligustica remain consistently less defensive and calmer on the combs. However, by spring 2018, the A. m. ruttneri colonies in general showed higher numbers of adult bees, brood cells and pollen cells. Early seasonal drone production and significant swarming behaviour were observed in the colonies of the endemic bee, but not in A. m. ligustica colonies. The baseline data on the performance of native and introduced genotypes under Maltese environmental conditions provided by this study will contribute to guiding beekeepers in their decision on queen purchases, and ultimately, support conservation measures for A. m. ruttneri.peer-reviewe

Preliminary studies on the tick fauna of the Maltese Islands

Ticks can parasitise every vertebrate class and are distributed worldwide. They are both economically and medically important, as some species may transmit pathogens to wild and domestic animals, and in some cases to humans. This study aimed to collect data on the tick species that occur locally and to gather information on aspects of their occurrence and host associations.peer-reviewe

Initiating a collaborative monitoring system to survey Maltese orchids

Orchids have always garnered the interest of enthusiastic amateurs and nonprofessional researchers as a charismatic species group and have become a flagship for Mediterranean flora. At the same time they are a decent indicator for biodiversity and environmental quality through their association with specific pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. Historical records for orchids occurring in the Maltese Islands number some 30 different species, but there is little to no comprehensive data on their abundance and distribution.peer-reviewe

The Positive Impact of Conservation Action

Governments recently adopted new global targets to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity. It is therefore crucial to understand the outcomes of conservation actions. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 186 studies (including 665 trials) that measured biodiversity over time and compared outcomes under conservation action with a suitable counterfactual of no action. We find that in two-thirds of cases, conservation either improved the state of biodiversity or at least slowed declines. Specifically, we find that interventions targeted at species and ecosystems, such as invasive species control, habitat loss reduction and restoration, protected areas, and sustainable management, are highly effective and have large effect sizes. This provides the strongest evidence to date that conservation actions are successful but require transformational scaling up to meet global targets

The low frequency receivers for SKA 1-low: Design and verification

The initial phase of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) [1] is represented by a ~10% instrument and construction should start in 2018. SKA 1-Low, a sparse Aperture Array (AA) covering the frequency range 50 to 350 MHz, will be part of this. This instrument will consist of 512 stations, each hosting 256 antennas creating a total of 131,072 antennas. A first verification system towards SKA 1-Low, Aperture Array Verification System 1 (AAVSl), is being deployed and validated in 2017