Lack of behavioural responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) indicate limited effectiveness of sonar mitigation

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THE ROLE OF THE ONLINE ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE CONTEMPORARY ENTERPRISE

Many practitioners in the field of the Internet are regarding it a kind of art. Perhaps on that reason is it so hard to find the unequivocal answer to the question what the Internet is? From a technical point of view it is a global computer network making up from various, smaller and bigger, of the network and isolated computers. This net is connected with the help of telephone lines, radio, link satellite and fibre-optic. This web is winding almost entire contemporary world. An about 960 million of persons is using the Internet in entire world (2005). For this community an Internet is a new, fascinating medium, thanks him we have the unrestricted access to many pieces of information. A network is the biggest global market which so far existed where small-sized enterprises can compete with themselves with large corporations. And where the words “the market” and “the competition” are appearing, it must appear also the word “the advertisement”. The advertisement exists from beginnings of the mankind. In ancient times people already recommended their products wanting to sell them. They used the shout or simple posters mainly. Together with the development of the civilization an advertising developed. Great changes came in modern times when, a press, a radio and television arose. They started diverging from advertising products sold by oneself on their own initiative. In the today teams of people are working at so that while watching TV we keep an eye on advertising blocks. However such a model of the advertisement started stirring up controversy a lot. We understand the necessity for her but its importunity is annoying us because the advertisement is pushing into all areas of reality, even between stages shown on television of films. For this reason they started searching for running different centers in to the customer, all the way to the moment when an Internet appeared. The Internet offered the advertisement not only a mass audience and the possibility of the influence on him with the help of the text, sound and the image. Traditional mediums already earlier enabled it. Based on the oneway model of announcing, however they aren\u27t able to draw for the recipient into interactions. The advertisement passed down behind their mediation usually gets through to potential customers then when for you they are entertained with something completely not bound with the subject of the commercial

Etude des systèmes de communication acoustique des puffins du bassin méditerranéen (puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus et calonectris diomedea diomedea)

Les puffins (Procellariidae) sont des oiseaux marins nichant dans des terriers. Ils retournent sur leur coline au crépuscule et manifestent alors une forte activité vocale. Un seul cri est utilisé à la fois pour l'attraction sexuelle et la défense du terrier. Nous avons réalisé une étude comparative des systèmes de communication acoustique des trois espèces de puffins du bassin méditérranéen (puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus et calonectris d. diomedea). Ces espèces ayant des zones de nidification chevauchantes, nous nous sommes intéressés à la signature spécifique du cri. Etant donné la fidélité du couple et les relais d'incubation entre partenaires, nous avons également étudié les signatures vocales -sexuelle et individuelle-. Nous avons montré par des analyses acoustiques que ces signatures sont multi paramétriques. Par des expériences de playback, nous avons également montré que les oiseaux des trois espèces sont capables d'identifier vocalement le sexe de leurs congénères. Concernant les stratégies de communication entre partenaires, calonectris d. diomedea répond vocalement aux cris de son partenaire ce qui n'est pas le cas de puffinus yelkouan. Chez ce dernier, l'identification du partenaire nécessite probablement l'utilisation d'informations provenant d'un canal additionnel, olfactif par exemple. Au niveau de la reconnaissance spécifique, les différences de code acoustique observées entre les espèces apparaissent d'autant plus importantes que la distance phylogénétique est grande. Ainsi, bien que soumis à des contraintes environnementales et sociales similaires, les puffins de Méditerannée présentent des différences dans leur système de communication.Shearwaters (procellariidae) are burrowing seabirds. They return to their colony at dusk and exhibit a high vocal activity. One single call is used in both sexual and territorial contexts. We conducted a comparative study of the acoustic communication systems of the three shearwater species in the Mediterranean basin (puffinus yelkouan, puffinus mauretanicus and calonectris d. diomedea). These species showing overlapping nesting areas, we focused on the species specific signature in the call. Considering the fidelilty to the mate and the incubation relays between partners, we also studied the sexual and individual vocal signatures. By performing acoustic analyses, we showed that these signatures were multiparametrics. By playback experiments, we showed that birds of three species were able to vocally identify the gender of their congeners. Replying only to conspecific same-sex calls, birds ensure burrow defence and mate guarding. Concerning the communication strategies between partners, significant differences were observed between species. Contrary to puffinus yelkouan, calonectris d. diomedea vocally replied to its mate. For the former, an additional channel (olfactory for example) is probably necessary to ensure mate identification. Concerning the species-specific recognition, the differences in the acoustic codes observed between the species appeared all the more significant as the phylogenetic distance was high. Thus, even submitted to similar environmental and social constraints, Mediterranean shearwater species show differences in their communication system.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Chimpanzee drumming : a spontaneous performance with characteristics of human musical drumming

Despite the quintessential role that music plays in human societies by enabling us to release and share emotions with others, traces of its evolutionary origins in other species remain scarce. Drumming like humans whilst producing music is practically unheard of in our most closely related species, the great apes. Although beating on tree roots and body parts does occur in these species, it has, musically speaking, little in common with human drumming. Researchers suggest that for manual beating in great apes to be compared to human drumming, it should at least be structurally even, a necessary quality to elicit entrainment (beat induction in others). Here we report an episode of spontaneous drumming by a captive chimpanzee that approaches the structural and contextual characteristics usually found in musical drumming. This drumming differs from most beating episodes reported in this species by its unusual duration, the lack of any obvious context, and rhythmical properties that include long-lasting and dynamically changing rhythms, but also evenness and leisureliness. This performance is probably the first evidence that our capacity to drum is shared with our closest relatives

Predator sound playbacks reveal strong avoidance responses in a fight strategist baleen whale

Anti-predator strategies are often defined as ‘flight’ or ‘fight’, based upon prey anatomical adaptations for size, morphology and weapons, as well as observed behaviours in the presence of predators. The humpback whale Megaptera nova eangliae is considered a ‘fight’ specialist based upon anatomy and observations of grouping behaviour and active defence when attacked by killer whales. However, the early stage of humpback whale anti-predator strategy, when the prey detects the presence of a distant potential predator that may not have perceived it, has never been described. Our aim was to experimentally examine this initial stage of anti-predator responses. Humpbacks are likely to hear well at the frequencies of killer whale vocalisations, thus the perception of killer whale sounds could trigger anti-predator responses. To address this hypothesis, we played mammal-eating killer whale sounds to 8 solitary or paired humpback whales in North Atlantic feeding grounds and monitored their behavioural responses. We found that predator sound playbacks induced a cessation of feeding, a change in the diving pattern and a clear directional and rapid horizontal avoidance away from the speaker. Interestingly, in mothercalf pairs with young calves, the directional horizontal avoidance was atypically alternated by 90 degree turns, which may serve as a mechanism to better track the pre dator or a stealth tactic when more vulnerable animals are present. These results provide experimental evidence that humpback whales can exhibit a strong horizontal avoidance as an initial stage of anti-predator defence, indicating that anti-predator responses may be more graded and mixed than previously recognized.Publisher PDFPublisher PDFPeer reviewe

Predator sound playbacks reveal strong avoidance responses in a fight strategist baleen whale

Anti-predator strategies are often defined as ‘flight’ or ‘fight’, based upon prey anatomical adaptations for size, morphology and weapons, as well as observed behaviours in the presence of predators. The humpback whale Megaptera nova eangliae is considered a ‘fight’ specialist based upon anatomy and observations of grouping behaviour and active defence when attacked by killer whales. However, the early stage of humpback whale anti-predator strategy, when the prey detects the presence of a distant potential predator that may not have perceived it, has never been described. Our aim was to experimentally examine this initial stage of anti-predator responses. Humpbacks are likely to hear well at the frequencies of killer whale vocalisations, thus the perception of killer whale sounds could trigger anti-predator responses. To address this hypo thesis, we played mammal-eating killer whale sounds to 8 solitary or paired humpback whales in North Atlantic feeding grounds and monitored their behavioural responses. We found that predator sound playbacks induced a cessation of feeding, a change in the diving pattern and a clear directional and rapid horizontal avoidance away from the speaker. Interestingly, in mothercalf pairs with young calves, the directional horizontal avoidance was atypically alternated by 90 degree turns, which may serve as a mechanism to better track the pre dator or a stealth tactic when more vulnerable animals are present. These results provide experimental evidence that humpback whales can exhibit a strong horizontal avoidance as an initial stage of anti-predator defence, indicating that anti-predator responses may be more graded and mixed than previously recognized

Naval sonar disrupts foraging behaviour in humpback whales

Modern long-range naval sonars are a potential disturbance for marine mammals and can cause disruption of feeding in cetaceans. We examined the lunge-feeding behaviour of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae before, during and after controlled exposure experiments with naval sonar by use of acoustic and motion sensor archival tags attached to each animal. Lunge-feeding by humpback whales entails a strong acceleration to increase speed before engulfing a large volume of prey-laden water, which can be identified by an acoustic signature characterized by a few seconds of high-level flow-noise followed by a rapid reduction, coinciding with a peak in animal acceleration. Over 2 successive seasons, 13 humpback whales were tagged. All were subject to a no-sonar control exposure, and 12 whales were exposed to 2 consecutive sonar exposure sessions, with 1 h between sessions. The first sonar session resulted in an average 68% reduction in lunge rate during exposure compared to pre-exposure, and this reduction was significantly greater than any changes observed during the no-sonar control. During the second sonar session, reduction in lunge rate was 66% during sonar exposure compared to the pre-exposure level, but was not significant compared to the no-sonar control, likely due to a larger inter-individual variability because some individuals appeared to have habituated whereas others had not. Our results indicate that naval sonars operating near humpback whale feeding grounds may lead to reduced foraging and negative impacts on energy balance

Naval sonar disrupts foraging behaviour in humpback whales

Modern long-range naval sonars are a potential disturbance for marine mammals and can cause disruption of feeding in cetaceans. We examined the lunge-feeding behaviour of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae before, during and after controlled exposure experiments with naval sonar by use of acoustic and motion sensor archival tags attached to each animal. Lunge-feeding by humpback whales entails a strong acceleration to increase speed before engulfing a large volume of prey-laden water, which can be identified by an acoustic signature characterized by a few seconds of high-level flow-noise followed by a rapid reduction, coinciding with a peak in animal acceleration. Over 2 successive seasons, 13 humpback whales were tagged. All were subject to a no-sonar control exposure, and 12 whales were exposed to 2 consecutive sonar exposure sessions, with 1 h between sessions. The first sonar session resulted in an average 68% reduction in lunge rate during exposure compared to pre-exposure, and this reduction was significantly greater than any changes observed during the no-sonar control. During the second sonar session, reduction in lunge rate was 66% during sonar exposure compared to the pre-exposure level, but was not significant compared to the no-sonar control, likely due to a larger inter-individual variability because some individuals appeared to have habituated whereas others had not. Our results indicate that naval sonars operating near humpback whale feeding grounds may lead to reduced foraging and negative impacts on energy balance.PostprintPeer reviewe