Clarity: An Exploration of Semantic Information Encoded in Mobile Application GUIs

Upon installing a mobile application, human beings are able, to a great extent, to know immediately what the subcomponents of the screen do. They know what buttons return them to the previous screen, which ones submit their log in information, and which brings up the menu. This is the result of a combination of intuitive design and cross-platform design standards which allow users to draw on previous experience. Regardless, the fact that humans are able to understand the functionality of screen components at a glance suggests that there is semantic information encode into a mobile application’s GUI. In this work, we present an automated approach to exploring the nature of the semantic information encoded into the GUI of a mobile application. We do this using three modalities (1) a screenshot of an image, (2) text descriptions of the functionality of GUI components sourced through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, and (3) parsed information from the screen hierarchy’s XML dump. The first two modalities are aligned using a convolutional neural network, which detects objects in the screenshot and extracts salient features, paired with a bidirectional recurrent neural network which serves as a language model. Both of these models maps their respective modalities to a semantic space, and then aligns the two representations in that space. The third modality is incorporated by using a Seq2Seq model which maps the screen’s XML dump directly to reasonable descriptions of the functionality of the screen. Our experiments reveal that semantic information extracted from the above representations of the GUI of a mobile application is comparable to that of real-world images such as those found in the MSCOCO dataset. In this work, we compare our results to similar models trained on this dataset, and compare the results from different screen representations against each other

Enhanced relativistic-electron beam collimation using two consecutive laser pulses

The double laser pulse approach to relativistic electron beam (REB) collimation has been investigated at the LULI-ELFIE facility. In this scheme, the magnetic field generated by the first laser-driven REB is used to guide a second delayed REB. We show how electron beam collimation can be controlled by properly adjusting laser parameters. By changing the ratio of focus size and the delay time between the two pulses we found a maximum of electron beam collimation clearly dependent on the focal spot size ratio of the two laser pulses and related to the magnetic field dynamics. Cu-K alpha and CTR imaging diagnostics were implemented to evaluate the collimation effects on the respectively low energy ( MeV) components of the REB

Caracterização da estrutura de uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista sobre Latossolo Bruno em Gurapauva, Paraná, Brasil

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Evaluation of an in-capillary approach for performing quantitative cytochrome P450 activity studies

An automated in-capillary assay requiring very small quantities of reagents was developed for performing in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug metabolism studies. The approach is based on the following: (i) hydrodynamic introduction of nanoliter volumes of substrate and enzyme solutions in the sandwich mode, within a capillary; (ii) mixing the reagents by diffusion across the interfaces between the injected solutions; (iii) collection of the capillary content at the end of the in-capillary assay; and (iv) off-line analysis of the incubation mixture by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). After optimizing the injection sequence of the reagents, the in-capillary approach was applied to the quantitative determination of the kinetics of drug metabolism reactions catalyzed by three CYP450 isozymes involved in human drug metabolism: CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. It was demonstrated that this in-capillary method was able to provide similar kinetic parameters for CYP450 activity (e.g., Michaelis constants and turnover values) as the classical in vitro method, with a drastic reduction of reagent consumption. Injection setups used for in-capillary CYP450 assay