High Mobility and Low Use of Malaria Preventive Measures Among the Jarai Male Youth Along the Cambodia?Vietnam Border

Malaria control along the Vietnam?Cambodia border presents a challenge for both countries\u27 malaria elimination targets as the region is forested, inhabited by ethnic minority populations, and potentially characterized by early and outdoor malaria transmission. A mixed methods study assessed the vulnerability to malaria among the Jarai population living on both sides of the border in the provinces of Ratanakiri (Cambodia) and Gia Lai (Vietnam). A qualitative study generated preliminary hypotheses that were quantified in two surveys, one targeting youth (N = 498) and the other household leaders (N = 449). Jarai male youth, especially in Cambodia, had lower uptake of preventive measures (57.4%) and more often stayed overnight in the deep forest (35.8%) compared with the female youth and the adult population. Among male youth, a high-risk subgroup was identified that regularly slept at friends\u27 homes or outdoors, who had fewer bed nets (32.5%) that were torn more often (77.8%). The vulnerability of Jarai youth to malaria could be attributed to the transitional character of youth itself, implying less fixed sleeping arrangements in nonpermanent spaces or non-bed sites. Additional tools such as long-lasting hammock nets could be suitable as they are in line with current practices

Rydberg-to-M-shell x-ray emission of hollow Xeq+ (q=27-30) atoms or ions above metallic surfaces

<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);">X rays originating from transitions from high Rydberg states to the M shell (here called Rydberg-to-M-shell x rays) have been measured in the interaction of Xeq+ (q = 27-30) ions with aluminum, molybdenum, and beryllium surfaces in the energy range of 350-600 keV, by using a Si(Li) detector. The transition energy calculation by Cowan&#39;s program with relativistic correlation indicates that such x rays are mainly from the transition of the higher quantum states, with the principal quantum number from 6 up to 30, directly to M shell of xenon. The yield of the x ray per vacancy in M shell decreases slightly with increasing the projectile energies and is inversely proportional to the work functions of metallic surfaces used. However, it increases rapidly with the increase of the projectile charge states. All of these experimental facts combined with the transition rate calculations indicate that the measured Rydberg-to-M-shell x rays come from the &quot;above the surface&quot; hollow Xe atoms or ions deexcitation, when the inner shells such as N and O have not been filled.</span

X-ray emission produced by interaction of highly ionized Arq+ ions with metallic targets

This paper studies the X-ray spectra produced by the interaction of highly charged ions of Arq+ (q = 16, 17, 18) with metallic surface of Be, Al, Ni, Mo and Au respectively. The experimental results show that the K alpha X-ray emerges from under the surface of solid in the interaction of ions with targets. The multi-electron excitation occurred in the process neutralization of the Ar16+ in electronic configuration of 1s(2) in metallic surfaces, which produces vacancy in the K shell. Electron from high n state transition to K vacancy gives off X-ray. We find that there is no obvious relation between the shape of X-ray spectra and the different targets. The X-ray yield of incident ions are associated with initial electronic configuration. The X-ray yield of target is related to the kinetic energy of the incident ions

X-ray spectra induced by Xe-129(q+) impacting the metal surface

Using the slow highly charged ions Xe-129(q+) (q = 25, 26, 27; initial kinetic T-0 <= 4.65 keV/a.u.) to impact Au surface, the Au atomic M alpha characteristic X-ray spectrum is induced. The result shows that as long as the charge state of projectile is high enough, the heavy atomic characteristic X-ray can be effectively excited even though the incident beam is very weak (nA magnitude), and the X-ray yield per ion is in the order of 10(-8) and increases with the kinetic energy and potential energy of projectile. By measuring the Au M alpha-X-ray spectra, Au atomic N-level lifetime is estimated at about 1.33x10(-18) s based on Heisenberg uncertainty relation