Protein and Energy Requirements of Partridge Breeders

Previous studies were generally focused on the energy and protein requirements of broilers, quails, layer hens and the other gamebirds such as pheasants, but studies on breeder chukar partridges are limited. In most of the practical cases, the diet formulations as well as environmental conditions for partridges has been based on the use of nutrient requirements and optimal housing conditions set up for other ornamental birds. The composition of diet affects the performance in poultry. Dietary metabolizable energy and protein levels in diet are known to affect the egg production and egg weights. There is considerable information on protein and energy requirements of other game birds, but very little information is available on those of partridge. This review provided how the data of nutrient requirements for other ornamental birds have been employed to formulate the dietary protein and energy levels for partridge breeders

Effects of essential oils and their combinations added to broiler diets on the mineral contents of some tissues and bone breaking strength

The current research was conducted to determine the effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and French lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) essential oils and their combinations on serum, bone and excreta mineral content and bone breaking strength in broilers. A total of 640 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to eight treatment groups with five replicates each. The experimental diets were prepared by adding essential oils to the control diet as follows: control (0 mg/kg), thyme essential oil (50 mg/kg), rosemary essential oil (50 mg/kg), French lavender essential oil (50 mg/kg), thyme + rosemary (25+25 mg/kg), thyme + French lavender (25+25 mg/kg), rosemary + French lavender (25+25 mg/kg) and thyme + rosemary + French lavender (16,7+16,7+16,7 mg/kg). No difference was shown between the treatment groups in serum content of Ca, Mg, P or Zn (P > 0,05). Tibia Ca, Mg and P contents were statistically significant (P < 0,01), while tibia breaking strength was not significant (P > 0,05). Excreta Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn contents were significantly affected by the dietary treatments (P < 0,01), but excreta Cu content was not statistically significant (P > 0,05). The addition of thyme essential oil to the diet was effective in increasing tibia Ca, P and Mg content. The essential oils used, especially their binary mixtures, can be effective in reducing the amount of minerals excreted in the faeces

Sovereign risk, public debt, dollarization, and the output effects of fiscal austerity

The goal of this paper is to investigate effects of fiscal policy on output as a response to an external shock at different levels and currency compositions of public debt. Central to our analysis is the mutual relationship between sovereign risk and public debt on the one hand, and the linkage between sovereign risk and private credit spreads on the other. We show that fiscal austerity is conducive to real economic activity when initial government debt is high, its foreign currency share is important, and the link between sovereign and corporate spreads is strong. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Etlik Piliçlerde Karma Yeme Farklı Esansiyel Yağlar ve Karışımlarının İlavesinin Performans ve Karkas Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışma, etlik piliçlerde kekik (Thymus vulgaris L.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) ve karabaş otu (Lavandula stoechas L.) esansiyel yağları ve bunların karışımlarının canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisini tespit etmek için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, günlük yaşta toplam 640 adet etlik civciv (Ross 308) kullanılmış ve 5 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde 8 muamele grubuna tesadüfü olarak yerleştirilmiştir. Her bir muamele grubunda 80 adet civciv bulunmaktadır. Deneme rasyonları sırasıyla kontrol (0 mg/kg), ilave kekik esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), biberiye esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), karabaş otu esansiyel yağı (50 mg/kg), kekik + biberiye (25+25 mg/kg), kekik + karabaş otu (25+25 mg/kg), biberiye + karabaş otu (25+25 mg/kg) ve kekik+biberiye+karabaş otu (16,7 + 16,7 + 16,7 mg/kg) oluşmaktadır. Yem ve su ad libitum olarak sağlanmıştır. Çalışma 6 hafta sürmüştür. Performans parametreleri haftalık olarak belirlenmiştir. Denemenin 42. gününde hayvanlar kesilerek karkas özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, rasyon farklı esansiyel yağ ve bunların karışımlarının etlik piliçlerde canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi, yem değerlendirme oranı ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisi önemli olmamıştır

Effect of Calcium Sources and Particle Size on Performance and Eggshell Quality in Laying Hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different combination calcium sources and particle size on performance and egg shell quality in layer hens. In the experiment, 198 brown laying hens at 44 week of age were randomly assigned into 11 treatments groups. The experimental diets consisted of different calcium sources (Fine limestone, large limestone, large oyster shell and large egg shell) and their different combination. The experimental unit consisted of a groups of three hens, thus each treatment was replicated six times. Different calcium sources and particle size addition to the laying hens diet had no significantly effect on body weight gain, egg production, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg specific gravity, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness and egg shell breaking strength but egg weight had significantly affected by the treatments. The significantly highest egg weight was found in laying hens fed with 50 % fine limestone and 50 % large limestone. Dietary different Ca sources had a significant effect on Ca, P and Mg as mineral contents of eggshell and tibia. In the present study, when dietary large calcium sources (limestone, oyster shell and egg shell) had no effect on performance and eggshell quality parameters in laying hens. However, dietary containing at least 50 % large calcium sources had positive effect on mineral contents of tibia

The effect of supplementation of soybean oil, acidulated sunflower oil soapstock and their combinations in laying hen diets on performance, egg quality and fatty acid composition of egg yolk

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levesl of dietary soybean oil and acidulated sunflower oil soapstock on performance, egg quality and fatty acid profile of egg yolk in laying hens, . A total of 75, 44-week-old Hy-Line W36 laying hens were distributed into five treatments according to a completely randomized experimental design, consisting of soybean oil, acidulated sunflower oil soapstock (ASS) dietary inclusion levels (25, 50, 75 and 100 %), with five replicates of three birds each. The experiment was lasted in 84 days. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on body weight change, egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and egg mass. The dietary inclusion of ASS i had no significant effect on egg specific gravity, egg shell breaking strength, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness, egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, albumen pH, yolk pH but haugh unit L, a, b color value. . The inclusion of different levels of soybean oil and ASS in the diet of laying hens had no significant effect on palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid contents of egg yolk. It is concluded that the soybean oil can be replaced by ASS without any adverse effect on performance and egg quality in laying hen diets

Effects of sodium butyrate addition to laying hens diets on performance, egg quality and some blood parameters

*Sevim, Behlül ( Aksaray, Yazar )Bu çalışma yumurtacı tavuk rasyonlarına farklı seviyelerde kaplamalı sodyum bütirat ilavesinin performans, yumurta kalitesi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, 60 haftalık yaşta, toplam 72 adet yumurta tavuğu, 56 gün süreyle, kontrol ve sodyum bütiratın farklı seviyelerinin ilavesiyle (300, 600 ve 1200 mg/kg) oluşturulan rasyonlarla beslenmişlerdir. Çalışma 6 tekerrürlü olarak, 4 muamele grubunda yürütülmüştür. Deneme sonucunda muamele gruplarının, canlı ağırlık değişimi, yumurta verimi, yem tüketimi, yem değerlendirme katsayısı, yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta kitlesi üzerine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarına sodyum bütirat ilavesi, yumurta kabuk kırılma direnci, yumurta kabuk oranı ve kabuk kalınlığı, yumurta şekil indeksi, ak ve sarı indeksi, hasarlı yumurta oranı ile L*, a* ve b* yumurta sarısı renk kriterleri üzerine etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Serum parametrelerinden kolesterol, HDL, albümin, Ca ve P düzeyleri bakımından muamele grupları arasında önemli bir fark olmaz iken serum globulin, total protein ve ürik asit seviyeleri bakımından görülen farklılıklar önemli olmuştur. Deneme sonuçlarına göre, 60 haftalık yaştaki yumurta tavuklarında performans ve yumurta kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde rasyona sodyum bütiratın ilavesine gerek olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding coated sodium butyrate at various levels to the rations of laying hens on their performance, egg quality, and some blood parameters. In this study, a total of 72 laying hens at the age of 60 weeks were fed for 56 days with the control ration and the rations containing sodium butyrate at various levels (300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg). The study was carried out in 4 treatment groups, each with 6 replicates. As a result of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of live weight change, egg yield, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, and egg mass. The addition of sodium butyrate to the rations of laying hens did not have a statistically significant effect on the egg shell breaking strength, eggshell ratio, shell thickness, egg shape index, albumen-yolk index, damaged egg ratio, and egg yolk colour criteria (L*, a*, and b*). Whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of the levels of cholesterol, HDL, albumin, Ca, and P; some statistically significant differences were observed in terms of the levels of serum globulin, total protein, and uric acid. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that there was no need to add sodium butyrate to the ration for improving the performance and egg quality in the laying hens at the age of 60 weeks

The evaluation of dietary application of conjugated linoleic acid on performance, egg quality, blood parameters, antioxidant capacity and egg yolk cholesterol parameters in layer quails

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a poly unsaturated fatty acid (FA) which is accepted as favorable for human health. The aim of this study is to ascertain the effects of CLA on performance, egg quality traits, egg yolk and albumin pH levels, blood serum biochemical parameters, egg yolk cholesterol content and blood antioxidant capacity in layer quails. 96 7-weeks-old female Japanese quails divided to 4 groups with 6 subgroups and the groups fed with basal diet supplied with 0 g/kg, 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg CLA respectively for 8 weeks. Our results indicated that CLA supplementation did not statistically affect performance, egg quality traits, egg pH levels, total antioxidant capacity in blood serum and yolk cholesterol content. Although dietary CLA did not significantly differ between groups for blood serum total protein, glycose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein; lipoprotein lipase levels were significantly decreased in CLA supplemented groups (p<0.05). In summary, our results have shown dietary CLA supplementation might affect lipid metabolism and enzyme activity in female Japanese quails

Estimation of Relationship Between In Situ and In Vitro Rumen Protein Degradability of Extruded Full Fat Soybean

The objectives of this study were to estimate the protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean (ESB) by in situ (nylon bag) and in vitro enzymatic method and to develop an equation in order predict in situ degradability from in vitro values. In the study enzymatic technique; hydrolysis after 1 h (INV1) and after 24 h (INV24) by a purified protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus in a borate-phosphate buffer at pH 8 was used as in vitro method. Relationship between in situ effective protein degradability (INSE) and in vitro degradability after 1 and 24 hours incubations (INV1 and INV24) were determined. In situ protein degradability was measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 and at 72 h incubations in the rumen of 3 Holstein cows. In the study INSE, INV1 and INV24 were determined as 58.05, 20.24 and 41.46% respectively. Despite there were differences between in situ and in vitro protein degradability values, correlation coefficients between in situ and in vitro protein degradability of ESB were high and regression equations for estimation of in situ from in vitro were found significant. As conclusion in vitro enzymatic protein degradability (INV1 and INV24) can be used for estimation of in situ effective protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean