Early Medieval Genetic Data from Ural Region Evaluated in the Light of Archaeological Evidence of Ancient Hungarians

The ancient Hungarians originated from the Ural region of Russia, and migrated through the Middle-Volga region and the Eastern European steppe into the Carpathian Basin during the 9th century AD. Their Homeland was probably in the southern Trans-Ural region, where the Kushnarenkovo culture disseminated. In the Cis-Ural region Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians. In this study we describe maternal and paternal lineages of 36 individuals from these regions and nine Hungarian Conquest period individuals from today’s Hungary, as well as shallow shotgun genome data from the Trans-Uralic Uyelgi cemetery. We point out the genetic continuity between the three chronological horizons of Uyelgi cemetery, which was a burial place of a rather endogamous population. Using phylogenetic and population genetic analyses we demonstrate the genetic connection between Trans-, Cis-Ural and the Carpathian Basin on various levels. The analyses of this new Uralic dataset fill a gap of population genetic research of Eurasia, and reshape the conclusions previously drawn from 10-11th century ancient mitogenomes and Y-chromosomes from Hungary

Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7^th century Avar elites

The Avars settled the Carpathian Basin in 567/68 CE, establishing an empire lasting over 200 years. Who they were and where they came from is highly debated. Contemporaries have disagreed about whether they were, as they claimed, the direct successors of the Mongolian Steppe Rouran empire that was destroyed by the Turks in ∼550 CE. Here, we analyze new genome-wide data from 66 pre-Avar and Avar-period Carpathian Basin individuals, including the 8 richest Avar-period burials and further elite sites from Avar’s empire core region. Our results provide support for a rapid long-distance trans-Eurasian migration of Avar-period elites. These individuals carried Northeast Asian ancestry matching the profile of preceding Mongolian Steppe populations, particularly a genome available from the Rouran period. Some of the later elite individuals carried an additional non-local ancestry component broadly matching the steppe, which could point to a later migration or reflect greater genetic diversity within the initial migrant population.- Introduction - Results -- Ancient DNA dataset and quality control -- The genomic structure of the pre-Avar-period population -- The genomic structure of the Avar-period population -- Modeling the eastern steppe ancestry of the elites in the core of the Avar empire -- The heterogeneous ancestry in the regions surrounding the Avar empire’s core - Discussion -- Limitations of the study - Star Method

The evidence of contaminants in dairy products

U pogledu zdravstvene ispravnosti namirnica danas se u svijetu poglavito govori o razini njihova zagađenja odnosno nalazu štetnih tvari koje mogu ugroziti čovječje zdravlje. Uporaba veterinarskih lijekova u terapijske svrhe i njihov dodatak stočnoj hrani te uporaba kemijskih sredstava u zaštiti bilja najznačajniji su putovi kemijskog zagađenja mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda. Razina spomenutih zagađenja ovisi o mogućnostima uporabe tih sredstava u poljoprivrednoj, stočarskoj i veterinarskoj praksi. Zdravstvena ispravnost mliječnih proizvoda ovisi i o nazočnosti patogenih mikroorganizama, a i o suvremenim spoznajama o nutricionističkoj vrijednosti pojedinih sastojaka.In the context of the wholesomeness the foodstuffs today we talk mostly about the quantity of different food contaminants which can cause the disturbances of human health. The use of veterinary drugs for therapeutic purposes and their addition to the animal feed, the use of pesticides and other chemicals in the plant production are the most important ways of milk and dairy products contamination. The quantity of such pollution depends on the possibilities of using this agents in agriculture, animal breeding and veterinary practice. The wholesomeness of dairy products depends on the evidence of pathogenic microorganisms as well as on the nutrition value of the composition of fooodstuffs