Marino da Caramanico: giudice, giurista, intellettuale

Marino da Caramanico (1240? – 1285/7?) was without any doubt an important figure in the Angevin court. Nevertheless we know very little about his biography. We don’t know where he studied law, nor whether he ever was professor in the Studium founded by Frederic II in Neaples. Many members of his family were judges so as a judge certainly was him. All in all he was a practical jurist but with a noteworthy education. His name is famous for his comment on the Liber constitutionum Regni Siciliae (very soon considered the ‘glossa ordinaria’ to that law code). His introduction (Proemium) to the Gloss calls the most attention by scholars. Marinus defends the idea of a strong and centralised monarchy. He draws from Roman law the concept of an absolute power, concentrated in the hands of the prince. Such a prince, anyway, for Marinus is no more the emperor, but the king of a single country (Regnum): a king who is strong enough to not have to recognise any other ‘temporal’ authority above him. Marinus was interested non only in the sovereignty’s questions (non excluded the relationship with the Pope and the local autonomies, i.e. the commons), but also in fiscal system, in the feudal rules and in the exercise of the iurisdictio

Nanosecond and femtosecond ablation of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3: a comparison between plume dynamics and composition of the films

ISSN:0947-8396ISSN:1432-0630ISSN:0340-379

Current exposure to phthalates and DINCH in European children and adolescents - Results from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies 2014 to 2021.

Phthalates are mainly used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Exposure to several phthalates is associated with different adverse effects most prominently on the development of reproductive functions. The HBM4EU Aligned Studies (2014-2021) have investigated current European exposure to ten phthalates (DEP, BBzP, DiBP, DnBP, DCHP, DnPeP, DEHP, DiNP, DiDP, DnOP) and the substitute DINCH to answer the open policy relevant questions which were defined by HBM4EU partner countries and EU institutions as the starting point of the programme. The exposure dataset includes ∼5,600 children (6-11 years) and adolescents (12-18 years) from up to 12 countries per age group and covering the North, East, South and West European regions. Study data from participating studies were harmonised with respect to sample size and selection of participants, selection of biomarkers, and quality and comparability of analytical results to provide a comparable perspective of European exposure. Phthalate and DINCH exposure were deduced from urinary excretions of metabolites, where concentrations were expressed as their key descriptor geometric mean (GM) and 95th percentile (P95). This study aims at reporting current exposure levels and differences in these between European studies and regions, as well as comparisons to human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). GMs for children were highest for ∑DEHP metabolites (33.6 μg/L), MiBP (26.6 μg/L), and MEP (24.4 μg/L) and lowest for∑DiDP metabolites (1.91 μg/L) and ∑DINCH metabolites (3.57 μg/L). In adolescents highest GMs were found for MEP (43.3 μg/L), ∑DEHP metabolites (28.8 μg/L), and MiBP (25.6 μg/L) and lowest for ∑DiDP metabolites (= 2.02 μg/L) and ∑DINCH metabolites (2.51 μg/L). In addition, GMs and P95 stratified by European region, sex, household education level, and degree of urbanization are presented. Differences in average biomarker concentrations between sampling sites (data collections) ranged from factor 2 to 9. Compared to the European average, children in the sampling sites OCC (Denmark), InAirQ (Hungary), and SPECIMEn (The Netherlands) had the lowest concentrations across all metabolites and ESTEBAN (France), NAC II (Italy), and CROME (Greece) the highest. For adolescents, comparably higher metabolite concentrations were found in NEB II (Norway), PCB cohort (Slovakia), and ESTEBAN (France), and lower concentrations in POLAES (Poland), FLEHS IV (Belgium), and GerES V-sub (Germany). Multivariate analyses (Survey Generalized Linear Models) indicate compound-specific differences in average metabolite concentrations between the four European regions. Comparison of individual levels with HBM-GVs revealed highest rates of exceedances for DnBP and DiBP, with up to 3 and 5%, respectively, in children and adolescents. No exceedances were observed for DEP and DINCH. With our results we provide current, detailed, and comparable data on exposure to phthalates in children and - for the first time - in adolescents, and - for the first time - on DINCH in children and adolescents of all four regions of Europe which are particularly suited to inform exposure and risk assessment and answer open policy relevant questions.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 733032 HBM4EU. PCB cohort was supported by the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic, project no. 2012/47-SZU-11 and the Slovak Research and Development Agency, project no. APVV-0571-12. PCB cohort follow-up received additional funding from the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic, program 07B0103. Regarding GerES V-sub (unweighted) the funding of the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection is gratefully acknowledged. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) has contributed to funding of the Norwegian Environmental Biobank (NEB). The laboratory measurements have partly been funded by the Research Council of Norway through research projects (275903 and 268465). The Slovenian SLO-CRP study was co-financed by the Jozef Stefan Institute program P1- 0143, and a national project “Exposure of children and adolescents to selected chemicals through their habitat environment” (grant agree ment No. C2715-16-634802). Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 was performed by the Swedish Food Agency with financial support from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The BEA study was co-funded by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Insituto de Salud Carlos III (SEG 1321/15). The CROME study is co-funded by the European Commission research funds of Horizon 2020). The 3xG study is financed by NIRAS/ONDRAF (Belgian National Agency for Radioactive Waste and enriched Fissile Material), STORA (Study and Consultation Radioactive Waste Dessel) and MONA (Mols Overleg Nucleair Afval). FLEHS IV is commissioned and co-financed by the Government of Flanders, Department of Environment & Spatial Development. POLAES study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science (project no. 3764/H2020/2017/2). The CELSPAC studies are supported by the MEYS (LM2018121, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_043/0009632 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000469) and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement (857560).S