Comparative Analyses of Two Methods of Backstroke Starting: Conventional and Whip

Generally, when a new skill, technique, or style is introduced into a sport, the first attempt to describe the change is by the coach or athlete. The biomechanist will then make a careful review of the mechanics involved, test the principles against the given theory, propose directions for future improvements, or reject the change. This procedure often occurs in the sport of swimming. During the last decade, techniques of competitive swimming have improved, resulting in several record-producing performances by the swimmers. This improvement may be attributed, in part, to coaches, researchers, and authors like Counsilman (1977) and Maglischo (1982), Hay (1985), Kreighbaum and Barthels (1985), among others. Backstroke swimming techniques have benefited from the investiveness of coaches, swimmers, and researchers. Probably much of the credit for initiating change in technique belongs to the backstrokers of the time. Two examples are Olympic champions John Naber in 1976 with his «headabove-water spin» turn and Rick Carey in 1984 with his «whip» start. These methods of turning and starting have been adopted by many coaches and swimmers. Even though the Naber turn and the Carey whip start have gained in popularity, little research has been conducted regarding the mechanics of such techniques. For instance, one of the few studies conducted was on the backstroke turns. Benson (1979) filmed two subjects: John Naber executing his unique turn and Peter Rocca (second to Naber in the 1976 Olympics) doing his standard backstroke turn. An elementary comparative eine analysis was made. Benson determined that the Naber turn was more efficient than the standard backstroke turn. Since scientific information about the backstroke whip start is limited. this study was conducted to fill that void and to serve as a basic for further research

The Trigonometric Rosen-Morse Potential in the Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics and its Exact Solutions

The analytic solutions of the one-dimensional Schroedinger equation for the trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential reported in the literature rely upon the Jacobi polynomials with complex indices and complex arguments. We first draw attention to the fact that the complex Jacobi polynomials have non-trivial orthogonality properties which make them uncomfortable for physics applications. Instead we here solve above equation in terms of real orthogonal polynomials. The new solutions are used in the construction of the quantum-mechanic superpotential.Comment: 16 pages 7 figures 1 tabl

Terbutaline and the Prevention of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE—Bedtime administration of 5.0 mg of the β2-adrenergic agonist terbutaline prevents nocturnal hypoglycemia but causes morning hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that 2.5 mg terbutaline prevents nocturnal hypoglycemia without causing morning hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society

OBJECTIVE To review the evidence about the impact of hypoglycemia on patients with diabetes that has become available since the past reviews of this subject by the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society and to provide guidance about how this new information should be incorporated into clinical practice. PARTICIPANTS Five members of the American Diabetes Association and five members of The Endocrine Society with expertise in different aspects of hypoglycemia were invited by the Chair, who is a member of both, to participate in a planning conference call and a 2-day meeting that was also attended by staff from both organizations. Subsequent communications took place via e-mail and phone calls. The writing group consisted of those invitees who participated in the writing of the manuscript. The workgroup meeting was supported by educational grants to the American Diabetes Association from Lilly USA, LLC and Novo Nordisk and sponsorship to the American Diabetes Association from Sanofi. The sponsors had no input into the development of or content of the report. EVIDENCE The writing group considered data from recent clinical trials and other studies to update the prior workgroup report. Unpublished data were not used. Expert opinion was used to develop some conclusions. CONSENSUS PROCESS Consensus was achieved by group discussion during conference calls and face-to-face meetings, as well as by iterative revisions of the written document. The document was reviewed and approved by the American Diabetes Association’s Professional Practice Committee in October 2012 and approved by the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors in November 2012 and was reviewed and approved by The Endocrine Society’s Clinical Affairs Core Committee in October 2012 and by Council in November 2012. CONCLUSIONS The workgroup reconfirmed the previous definitions of hypoglycemia in diabetes, reviewed the implications of hypoglycemia on both short- and long-term outcomes, considered the implications of hypoglycemia on treatment outcomes, presented strategies to prevent hypoglycemia, and identified knowledge gaps that should be addressed by future research. In addition, tools for patients to report hypoglycemia at each visit and for clinicians to document counseling are provided

Why ecocentrism is the key pathway to sustainability

Global Challenges (FSW

The practices of apartheid as a war crime: a critical analysis

The human suffering caused by the political ideology of apartheid in South Africa during the Apartheid era (1948-1994) prompted worldwide condemnation and a variety of diplomatic and legal responses. Amongst these responses was the attempt to have apartheid recognised both as a crime against humanity in the 1973 Apartheid Convention as well as a war crime in Article 85(4)(c) of Additional Protocol I. This article examines the origins, nature and current status of the practices of apartheid as a war crime and its possible application to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict