Volatile compound diversity and conserved alarm behaviour in Triatoma dimidiata

Background: Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille) is a key vector complex of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of Chagas disease, as it spans North, Central, and South America. Although morphological and genetic studies clearly indicate existence of at least five clades within the species, there has been no robust or systematic revision, or appropriate nomenclature change for species within the complex. Three of the clades (haplogroups) are distributed in Mexico, and recent evidence attests to dispersal of clades across previously "presumed"monotypic geographic regions. Evidence of niche conservatism among sister species of this complex suggests that geographic dispersal is possible for non-sympatric populations, although no information is available on the behavioural aspects of potential interclade interactions, for instance whether differentiation of chemical signaling or response to these signals could impede communication among the haplogroups. Methods: Volatiles emitted by disturbed bugs, Brindley's (BGs), and metasternal (MGs) glands were identified using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatile compounds emitted by BGs and MGs, and those secreted by disturbed nymphs and adults, of the three Mexican T. dimidiata haplogroups were tested for avoidance behaviour by conspecific nymphs and adults using an olfactometer. Results: Triatoma dimidiata haplogroups all have three age-related alarm responses: absence of response by early stage nymphs, stage-specific response by 4-5th stage nymphs, and a shared 4-5th nymph and adult response to adult compounds. Disturbed bugs released 15 to 24 compounds depending on the haplogroup, among which were three pyrazines, the first report of these organoleptics in Triatominae. Isobutyric acid from BGs was the most abundant molecule in the response in all haplogroups, in addition to 15 (h1) to 21 (h2 and h3) MG compounds. Avoidance behaviour of disturbed bugs and volatiles emitted by BGs were haplogroup specific, while those from the MG were not. Conclusions: Discriminant and cluster analysis of BG +MG compounds indicate significant separation among the three haplogroups, while alarm response compounds were similar between h2 and h3, both distinct from h1. This latter haplogroup is ancestral phylogenetically to the other two. Our results suggest that alarm responses are a conserved behaviour in the Triatoma dimidiata complex.Fil: May Concha, Irving Jesus. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; MéxicoFil: Rojas, Julio C.. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur; MéxicoFil: Cruz López, Leopoldo. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur; MéxicoFil: Ibarra-Cerdeña, Carlos N.. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados; MéxicoFil: Ramsey, Janine. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; Méxic

Native bees in blooming orange (Citrus sinensis) and lemon (C. limon) orchards in Yucatán, Mexico

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la riqueza y la abundancia de abejas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) en huertas de naranja y limón en floración en Yucatán, México. Se colectaron ocho especies de abejas; el 98% de los especímenes correspondió a Apis mellifera, y el 2% restante a abejas nativas. Estos hallazgos se discuten con base en la ecología de las abejas nativas y en estudios previosen la misma área de estudio.The objective of this study was to determine the richness and abundance of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in orange and lemon orchards in bloom in Yucatan, Mexico. Eight were collected species of bees; 98% of the specimens corresponded to Apis mellifera, and the remaining 2% to bees native These findings are discussed based on the ecology of native bees and previous studiesin the same area of study

Presencia de orius insidiosus (say) (hemiptera: anthocoridae) en inflorescencias de mango ataulfo en el soconusco, Chiapas, México

The pirate bug Orius insidiosus (Say) was found for the first time in the inflorescences of mango cultivar Ataulfo in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico

Biorational Insecticides and Diatomaceous Earth for Control Sustainability of Pest in Chickpea and Mexican Bean Weevil

Sustainability involving the conservation and/or enhancement of natural resources and environmental protection can be practiced with biorational insecticides or diatomaceous earth. Two researches were carried out; in one, the objective was to determine the efficacy of biorational insecticides in controlling chickpea leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, without completely inhibiting the presence of parasitoids of this pest. Biorational insecticides were chlorantraniliprole, cyromazine and spinosad, and conventional insecticide was chlorpyrifos, which were similarly effective to control adults and larvae of Liriomyza. Most chickpea production in 2012–2013 (1993.3 and 1806.8 kg ha−1) was obtained where chlorantraniliprole and chlorpyrifos were applied, respectively, and where spinosad and cyromazine were applied also exceeded the performance of absolute control (1213.6 kg ha−1). In 2013–2014, the increased production was 1621.9 kg ha−1 with chlorantraniliprole and 1556.3 kg ha−1 with chlorpyrifos, significantly different from the absolute control that produced 1136.5 kg ha−1. Earnings were MX$21011.7 in 2012–2013 and MX$ 16036.7 in 2013–2014 with chlorantraniliprole, while in the absolute control, earnings were MX$12305.1 and MX$ 11083.5. Chlorantraniliprole was the biorational insecticide that caused greater effect in the management of this pest of chickpea and crop yields. While in another research, the objective was to determine the efficacy of different doses of diatomaceous earth against Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman. An experiment was carried out in two phases: in first, one tested diatomaceous earth at doses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g kg−1 of seed, with samples at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after application (daa), while in the second, the doses were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g kg−1 and samples at 10, 20, 30, and 40 daa. The parameters evaluated were weevil mortality and seed germination. The results indicated that the doses from 0.8 to 5.0 g kg−1 of diatomaceous earth efficiently controlled the Mexican bean weevil. The treatments did not inhibit seed germination

Technological Development in the Use of <em>Allium sativum</em> Aqueous Extracts in the Agricultural Field

The advance in agricultural technology could increase their commercialization, being the agronomic management for each crop an alternative. The management of natural products is a relevant and responsible need, in order to improve the quality and production of food, and to protect the agro-ecosystem biodiversity. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to present our five-year study advances in mango and rambutan agronomic management with aqueous extract of Allium sativum and the use of natural adherent such as Melipona solani honey that improves the function of the components in the biological processes of the crop. Our results showed that this aqueous extract promotes the emission of vegetative and floral shoots, increases flower development, works as an attractant for pollinators, promotes fruit set, stimulates fruit growth, acts as an insecticide to control thrips and mealybugs and stimulates the production of defense metabolites, such as polyphenol compounds. The use of stingless bee honey as an adherent and the aqueous extract of A. sativum could be a key to potentiate the function of its components in leaves, panicles, flowers and fruits

MODASC: ASIC for mobile data acquisition systems using satellite communications

MODASC is an ASIC that performs wide area mobile data acquisition using satellite communication to provide global coverage. This circuit provides two operation modes: an autonomous mode, that periodically establishes connection with the control center, and a slave mode, working as a peripheral connected to a general purpose micro controller. This experiment has been realized under FUSE special action in collaboration with SAINSEL

Biología y comportamiento sexual del mutante ojos amarillos de anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae)

We compared the biology and sexual behavior between a strain of laboratory with wild phenotype (LFS) and a strain of laboratory with mutant phenotype (LFM) of Anastrepha ludens (Loew), characterized by clear coloration of the body and creamy yellow eyes to determine their potential as genetic marker in the control programmes through the use of the sterile insect technique. The survey results indicated that individuals of the LFM mutant strain not differ significantly from individuals of the LFS strain respect to their fecundity, fertility and survival of immature stages, as well as in the emission of sexual pheromone. This indicates that could be adapted to mass-rearing. However, mating tests indicated that although the LFM insects mated with the insects of field of wild phenotype (CFS), presented some degree of isolation and low percentages of mating of males with both LFS and CFS females, implying that is not recommended the use of the LFM mutant strain as genetic marker in programs that use the sterile insect technique, for the control of the Mexican fruit fly.Se comparó la biología y el comportamiento sexual entre una cepa de laboratorio con fenotipo silvestre (LFS) con una cepa de laboratorio con fenotipo mutante (LFM) de Anastrepha ludens (Loew), que se caracteriza por una coloración del cuerpo clara y ojos amarillo cremoso, para determinar su potencial como marcador genético en los programas de control mediante el uso de la técnica del insecto estéril. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que los individuos de la cepa mutante LFM no difieren significativamente de los individuos de la cepa LFS respecto a su fecundidad, fertilidad y supervivencia de inmaduros, así como en la emisión de feromona sexual. Esto es indicativo de que podría ser adaptada a las condiciones de cría masiva. Sin embargo, las pruebas de apareamiento indicaron que aunque los insectos LFM copularon con los insectos de campo de fenotipo silvestre (CFS), presentaron cierto grado de aislamiento y bajos porcentajes de apareamiento de los machos tanto con hembras CFS y LFS, lo cual implica que no sea recomendable el uso de la cepa mutante LFM como marcador genético en programas que utilizan la técnica del insecto estéril, para el control de la mosca Mexicana de la fruta

Análisis de la demanda en el equipo de salud mental de Andújar: Evolución y estudio comparativo a los 20 años de apertura.

Se presentan los resultados de un análisis de la evolución de la demanda asistencial en un ESMD para la población general desde su creación en 1981 hasta 2001, analizando variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicoterapéuticas de 200 historias clínica

Análisis de la demanda en el equipo de salud mental de Andújar: Evolución y estudio comparativo a los 20 años de apertura.

Se presentan los resultados de un análisis de la evolución de la demanda asistencial en un ESMD para la población general desde su creación en 1981 hasta 2001, analizando variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicoterapéuticas de 200 historias clínica