Thermal desorption of CH4 retained in CO2 ice

CO2 ices are known to exist in different astrophysical environments. In spite of this, its physical properties (structure, density, refractive index) have not been as widely studied as those of water ice. It would be of great value to study the adsorption properties of this ice in conditions related to astrophysical environments. In this paper, we explore the possibility that CO2 traps relevant molecules in astrophysical environments at temperatures higher than expected from their characteristic sublimation point. To fulfil this aim we have carried out desorption experiments under High Vacuum conditions based on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance and additionally monitored with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer. From our results, the presence of CH4 in the solid phase above the sublimation temperature in some astrophysical scenarios could be explained by the presence of several retaining mechanisms related to the structure of CO2 ice.Comment: 8 pages, accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth

The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, are primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. The New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36 km long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (2014 MU69), in January 2019. Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters diameter) within a radius of 8000 km, and has a lightly-cratered smooth surface with complex geological features, unlike those on previously visited Solar System bodies. The density of impact craters indicates the surface dates from the formation of the Solar System. The two lobes of the contact binary have closely aligned poles and equators, constraining their accretion mechanism

Mechanisms underlying a thalamocortical transformation during active tactile sensation

During active somatosensation, neural signals expected from movement of the sensors are suppressed in the cortex, whereas information related to touch is enhanced. This tactile suppression underlies low-noise encoding of relevant tactile features and the brain’s ability to make fine tactile discriminations. Layer (L) 4 excitatory neurons in the barrel cortex, the major target of the somatosensory thalamus (VPM), respond to touch, but have low spike rates and low sensitivity to the movement of whiskers. Most neurons in VPM respond to touch and also show an increase in spike rate with whisker movement. Therefore, signals related to self-movement are suppressed in L4. Fast-spiking (FS) interneurons in L4 show similar dynamics to VPM neurons. Stimulation of halorhodopsin in FS interneurons causes a reduction in FS neuron activity and an increase in L4 excitatory neuron activity. This decrease of activity of L4 FS neurons contradicts the "paradoxical effect" predicted in networks stabilized by inhibition and in strongly-coupled networks. To explain these observations, we constructed a model of the L4 circuit, with connectivity constrained by in vitro measurements. The model explores the various synaptic conductance strengths for which L4 FS neurons actively suppress baseline and movement-related activity in layer 4 excitatory neurons. Feedforward inhibition, in concert with recurrent intracortical circuitry, produces tactile suppression. Synaptic delays in feedforward inhibition allow transmission of temporally brief volleys of activity associated with touch. Our model provides a mechanistic explanation of a behavior-related computation implemented by the thalamocortical circuit

Ethane on Pluto and Triton

International audienceNew spectra of Pluto were obtained with the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrometer (GNIRS) on the Gemini South 8-m telescope covering the region 1.9-2.5 µm. We have analyzed these data and two spectra of Triton with particular emphasis on a weak absorption feature detected at 2.405 μm. While this wavelength is coincident with a 13CO absorption band that is the isotopic variant of the 12CO band (2.35 μm) seen on both Pluto and Triton, our analysis, supported by new lab spectra of CO, shows that the strength of the 2.405-μm band is much too great to be attributed to any plausible abundance of 13CO. Instead, we identify this band as the 2.4045 μm absorption of pure ethane in solid form (Quirico & Schmitt Icarus 127, 354, 1997). Published models of the spectra of Triton (Quirico et al. Icarus 139, 159, 1999) and Pluto (Douté et al. Icarus 142, 421, 1999) show small variations from the data at 2.28 μm. The addition of absorption from the ethane band at 2.274 μm removes this small discrepancy. We do not see evidence for the 2.461 μm ethane band, although this is a somewhat noisy region of both spectra. Other investigators (Nakamura et al. P.A.S. Japan 52, 551, 2000) noted that Pluto's absorption bands at 2.28 and 2.32 μm are best fit with ethane, but their 2.405 μm region is discrepant with ethane. At longer wavelengths, Sasaki et al. (Ap.J. 618, L57, 2005) noted that models fit their Pluto data best when ethane was added, but they did not clearly identify ethane bands. Estimates of the abundances of ethane on Triton and Pluto suggest that this ice is deposited on relatively short time-scales by precipitation from the atmosphere, where it is produced by photochemistry (Krasnopolsky & Cruikshank JGR 100, 21271, 1995; JGR 104, 21979, 1999)

Prebiotic Chemistry of Pluto

International audienceWe present the case for the presence of complex organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleobases, formed by abiotic processes on the surface and in near-subsurface regions of Pluto. Pluto's surface is tinted with a range of non-ice substances with colors ranging from light yellow to red to dark brown; the colors match those of laboratory organic residues called tholins. Tholins are broadly characterized as complex, macromolecular organic solids consisting of a network of aromatic structures connected by aliphatic bridging units (e.g., Imanaka et al.