Efecto de la distorsión introspectiva sobre los errores de superficie en el razonamiento lógico

Se realizaron dos estudios descriptivos para evaluar la relación entre la introspección y el razonamiento lógico. Específicamente, se puso a prueba la conjetura que atribuye a la distorsión introspectiva la capacidad de predecir el comportamiento de los errores de superficie en tareas de selección que emplean las equivalencias de Augustus DeMorgan. Estas equivalencias establecen que la negación de una conjunción es una disyunción y la negación de una disyunción es una conjunción. El primer estudio aportó evidencia sobre el fenómeno de interés con materiales concretos mientras que el segundo lo hizo con materiales abstractos. Estos hallazgos extienden el alcance de un modelo metacognitivo previo de razonamiento lógico de doble proceso que considera la intensidad, pero no la calidad de los juicios introspectivos.Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentin

Efecto de la personalidad en el razonamiento compuesto

Objective: This study aims to describe the relationship between personality and propositional reasoning regarding compound negations by using, in particular, De Morgan’s laws. Method: To evaluate personality traits, we used the Adjective Checklist for Personality Assessment, an instrument based on the Big Five theory and developed for the Argentine context. To assess reasoning, we used a task implemented in previous studies, according to which subjects had to find the logical equivalent of a compound negation. Four response options were offered: one was correct and the other three were linked to specific biases. Both the research study and the paradigm were developed on the basis of the Mental Models Theory of Negation. The study had a correlational design and included 150 university students. Results: We found that factors such as neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness were linked to specific response patterns. Difficulty and context were considered mediators of the process. Discussion: The evidence was compatible with the Mental Models Theory but inconsistent with theories based on formal rules.Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es describir la relación entre personalidad y razonamiento proposicional sobre negaciones compuestas, de forma particular aplicado a las leyes De Morgan. Método: para evaluar los rasgos de personalidad se utilizó el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar Personalidad, un instrumento basado en la Teoría de los Cinco Factores desarrollado para el medio Argentino. En el caso del razonamiento, se aplicó una tarea utilizada en estudios previos, en la cual el sujeto debía encontrar el equivalente lógico de una negación compuesta. Se ofrecieron cuatro opciones de respuesta, una correcta y tres ligadas a sesgos específicos. Tanto la investigación como el paradigma, fueron diseñados desde la Teoría de Modelos Mentales propuesta para la negación. El estudio fue de tipo correlacional, y participaron del mismo 150 estudiantes universitarios. Resultados: se encontró que los factores de Neuroticismo, Extraversión y Amabilidad estaban ligados a patrones de respuestas específicos. La dificultad y el contexto fueron considerados mediadores del proceso. Discusión: la evidencia resultó compatible con la Teoría de Modelos Mentales pero inconsistente respecto de las teorías basadas en reglas formales.Fil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires"; ArgentinaFil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires"; ArgentinaFil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires"; Argentin

The Use of Eye-Tracking Technologies in Deductive Reasoning Research

Eye-Tracking technologies have strongly increased in deductive reasoning research during the last years. The aim of this paper is to introduce a brief history of its use, to elaborate on some mathematical problems of Eye-Tracking algorithms, to suggest further engineering developments both for hardware and software, to illustrate our proposal with an example of current research on deductive reasoning focused on compound negation, and to discuss the scope and limitations of our contribution. We conclude that Eye-Tracking is a useful tool for Cognitive Science, in general, and for deductive reasoning research, in particular. We also conclude that the future improvement of hardware and software engineering is critical for the potential contribution of this tool to the understanding of human reasoning.Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Cross-Modal stroop interference between taste and anagrams

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cross-modal Stroop effect between visually presented anagrams and gustatory stimuli. The working hypothesis states that cross-modal Stroop interference is increased by the level of inconsistency and reduced by the level of congruence between gustatory stimuli and linguistic visual stimuli whose order of syllables has been changed. 29 argentine subjects whose average age was 22 years old (SD = 3.024 years) participated in the experiment. A within-subjects repeated measures design was used. The independent variable was determined as the congruence of the stimulus and in it three levels were identified: congruent, incongruent and control stimuli. Two dependent variables were determined: reaction time and number of correct responses. The chosen paradigm was the cross-modal Stroop task. Gustatory stimuli were administered together with anagrams. The task required identifying a gustatory stimulus in the shortest possible time. It was concluded that in conditions of incongruent and control stimuli, subjects were not able to inhibit linguistic distractors to elaborate quick and effective responses concerning the identification of gustatory stimuli. In contrast, in the congruent anagrams condition the stimuli functioned as a key facilitator.Fil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; ArgentinaFil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra Girardi, Carolina Iris. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (i); ArgentinaFil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The shallow processing of logical negation

The aim of this study is to introduce a novel reasoning phenomenon concerned with the shallow processing of negation in the context of sentential reasoning. By analogy to other psychological explanations that account for superficial responses with conditionals, this study proposes an account for biconditionals derived from a recent theory of negation. This theory predicts that the psychological use of negation returns small scope products. This would happen because the human mind tends to avoid the working memory overload by simplifying its reasoning processes. A within-subjects experimental design was applied to test this conjecture. Results were consistent with such small scope negation prediction. The obtained evidence extends the observation of shallow reasoning processes to the negation of conjunctions and disjunctions that take the form of biconditionals. The results of this study support a mental models approach to account for the psychology of logical negation.Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; ArgentinaFil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; ArgentinaFil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra Girardi, Carolina Iris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Prior Affirmative Representation Facilitates the Cognitive Processing of Compound Negation

A mixed factorial design of 2x2x2 was applied (sequence x law x affirmation) to evaluate the effects of prior affirmative representation on the subsequent processing of compound negation. The sequence factor was defined to perform between-subjects comparisons. The other two factors, that is, logic law and prior affirmation were defined as within-subjects factors. The sequence factor was included to evaluate potential artifacts generated by the experimental design. Statistical analyses showed the absence of such artifacts. Three dependent variables were included: response type, an indirect measure of introspection quality, and a direct measure of subjective difficulty. A random sample of 130 participants were recruited for this experiment. All the participants were undergraduate students at the National University of Entre Rios, Argentina. 112 were female (86.2%). The mean age was 23.79 years old (SD = 6.452). 2 sets of 6 exercises each were given to all the participants. The classical selection paradigm was applied, that is, four response options were given in each item. Only one of them was the normative response according to logic (DeMorgan?s equivalences for negated conjunctions and negated disjunctions). One set included prior relevant affirmation before requiring negation, the other set started straightforward with the negation task. The task was to find the logical meaning of such compound negation that operated on a conjunction or a disjunction. By the other side, the set of exercises without prior affirmation asked straightforward to find the equivalence for a given compound negation of a conjunction or a disjunction. After completing each set of 6 responses participants were asked to give an opinion about their own performance (introspection quality) and about the task difficulty (subjective difficulty). In consistence with the mental models theory and the relevance theory, prior affirmation increased the frequency of normative responses and the quality of introspection. However, a direct registry of task difficulty showed no difference between a prior affirmation condition and a straightforward condition in consistence with the Gricean view of negation. An unexpected result showed an incremental effect of normative responses for the negation of conjunctions in comparison with the negation of disjunctions when prior affirmation provided a pragmatically enriched context. These results are discussed in terms of working memory dynamics. In sum, our findings suggest that the processing of compound negation of conjunctions and disjunctions can be explained as a combination of explicit and implicit processes that are strongly influenced by pragmatic factors.Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra Girardi, Carolina Iris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas; Argentin

Emotional self-regulation and use of learning strategies in students of latest year of high school

Resumen: En investigación educativa es creciente el estudio de factores emocionales intervinientes en el aprendizaje así como la identificación de obstaculizadores que permitan desarrollar prácticas educativas eficaces y alumnos autónomos (1, 3, 4, 5, 8). La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo indagar la relación entre nivel de autorregulación emocional, en cuanto flexibilidad del yo, control de impulsos y tolerancia al estrés (9), sobre el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje (7) por parte de alumnos de último año de secundario. La muestra se compuso de 151 alumnos de ambos sexos, con una media de edad de 17.23. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario de cociente emocional (EQ-i) (6) y el Cuestionario de Motivación y Estrategias de Aprendizaje (MSLQ-e) (2), ambos con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, niveles de confiabilidad y validez. Según los resultados las estrategias de aprendizaje utilizadas con mayor frecuencia fueron las que suponen un procesamiento de la información superficial (1,9). A partir del análisis de Pearson se identificó una correlación directa, positiva y significativa entre las habilidades de autorregulación emocional y el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje complejas (5, 7). En efecto, cuanto mayor fue la flexibilidad y manejo del estrés mayor fue la utilización de estrategias de aprendizaje metacognitivas (5,7,10).In educational research is growing the study of emotional factors involved in learning as well as the identification of obstacles that allow developing effective educational practices and autonomous students (1, 3, 4, 5, 8). The objective of the present research was to investigate the relationship between the level of emotional self-regulation, in terms of ego flexibility, impulse control and tolerance to stress (9), on the use of learning strategies (7) by students of latest year of high school. The sample consisted of 151 students of both sexes of last year of high school, with an average age of 17.23. The instruments used were the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) (6) for the variable emotional self-regulation, and the Motivation and Learning Strategies Questionnaire (MSLQ-e) (2) for learning strategies, both with correct psychometric properties, levels of reliability and validity. According the results, the most commonly used learning strategies were those that involved a superficial processing of information (1, 9). The correlation between emotional self-regulation skills and the use of complex learning strategies (5, 7) was obtained through Pearson’s analysis, it was direct, positive and significant. Indeed, as much greater were the flexibility and the stress management as greater was the use of metacognitive learning strategies (5, 7, 10)

Compound negation reasoning, construction task, and personality: how they relate?

Resumen: El modo en que las personas procesan las proposiciones compuestas negadas, del tipo conjuntivas (A y B) o disyuntivas (A o B), ha sido estudiado por la Teoría de Modelos Mentales (TMM) (7,8). Esta teoría sostiene que los individuos razonan representando modelos mentales del mundo, compatibles con la realidad (4,5,6). Desde la lógica formal, existe una única manera de negar una disyunción, pero tres de negar una conjunción (17). En base a ello, la TMM pronostica mayor dificultad para representar la negación de conjunciones (tres modelos mentales) que de disyunciones (un modelo mental) (7,8). Numerosos estudios han testeado estas hipótesis en tareas de selección (10,12,13,14), pero no así en tareas de construcción. Asimismo, otros estudios han investigado la Personalidad (2,3,11,15), como mediadora de este proceso. OBJETIVO: Describir la relación entre razonamiento proposicional sobre negaciones compuestas y características de personalidad, en una tarea de construcción. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizará un estudio descriptivo, de tipo correlacional. Para evaluar razonamiento se utilizará una adaptación de una tarea de construcción propuesta por la TMM (8). Para evaluar personalidad se utilizará un inventario desarrollado en Argentina sobre la base de la Teoría de los Cinco Factores (1): el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar Personalidad (9,16).Abstract: How do individuals process denials of compound assertions, such as conjunctions (A and B) or disjunctions (A or B), has been studied by the Mental Model Theory (TMM) (7,8). This theory support that individuals reason by representing mental models of the world, compatible with reality (4,5,6). From formal logic, there is just a correct form to deny a disjunction, but three to deny a conjunction (17). Based on this, the TMM predicts greater difficulty in representing the denial of conjunctions (three mental models) than of disjunctions (one mental model) (7,8). Numerous studies have tested these hypotheses in selection tasks (10,12,13,14), but not in construction tasks. Likewise, other studies have investigated Personality (2,3,11,15), as a mediator of this process. OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between propositional reasoning about compound negations and personality characteristics, in a construction task. METHODOLOGY: A correlational descriptive study will be carried out. To evaluate reasoning, will be used an adaptation of a construction task proposed by the TMM (8). To evaluate personality, will be used an inventory developed in Argentina based on the Theory of Five Factors (1): the List of Adjectives to Evaluate Personality (9,16)

Effect of personality on compound reasoning

Objective: This study aims to describe the relationship between personality and propositional reasoning regarding compound negations by using, in particular, De Morgan’s laws. Method: To evaluate personality traits, we used the Adjective Checklist for Personality Assessment, an instrument based on the Big Five theory and developed for the Argentine context. To assess reasoning, we used a task implemented in previous studies, according to which subjects had to find the logical equivalent of a compound negation. Four response options were offered: one was correct and the other three were linked to specific biases. Both the research study and the paradigm were developed on the basis of the Mental Models Theory of Negation. The study had a correlational design and included 150 university students. Results: We found that factors such as neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness were linked to specific response patterns. Difficulty and context were considered mediators of the process. Discussion: The evidence was compatible with the Mental Models Theory but inconsistent with theories based on formal rules.   Authorship Contribution MCC: data collection, statistical analysis, data interpretation, and discussion. ER: Discussion and final review of the article. GM: Conception and design of the study, interpretation of the data, discussion, and final revision of the manuscript.Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a relação entre personalidade e raciocínio proposicional em negações compostas, particularmente aplicadas às leis de Morgan. Método: avaliar características personalidade, a lista adjetiva foi usada para Avaliar Personalidade, um instrumento baseado na Teoria dos cinco fatores desenvolvidos para o meio ambiente Argentino No caso do raciocínio, uma tarefa foi aplicada utilizado em estudos anteriores, nos quais o sujeito deveria encontre o equivalente lógico de uma negação composto. Foram oferecidas quatro opções de resposta, um correto e três vinculados a vieses específicos. Tanto o pesquisas como o paradigma, foram elaboradas a partir Teoria dos Modelos Mentais proposta para o negação O estudo foi correlacional, e Participaram 150 estudantes universitários. Resultados: Foram encontrados fatores de neuroticismo, Extroversão e bondade estavam ligadas a padrões de respostas específicas A dificuldade e o contexto foram considerados mediadores do processo. Discussão: o evidência era compatível com a teoria dos modelos Mental, mas inconsistente em relação às teorias com base em regras formais.   Contribuição da autoria MCC: coleta de dados, análise estatística, dados interpretação e discussão. ER: Discussão e revisão final do artigo. GM:Concepção e desenho do estudo, interpretação dos dados, discussão e revisão final do manuscrito.Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es describir la relación entre personalidad y razonamiento proposicional sobre negaciones compuestas, de forma particular aplicado a las leyes De Morgan. Método: para evaluar los rasgos de personalidad se utilizó el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar Personalidad, un instrumento basado en la Teoría de los Cinco Factores desarrollado para el medio Argentino. En el caso del razonamiento, se aplicó una tarea utilizada en estudios previos, en la cual el sujeto debía encontrar el equivalente lógico de una negación compuesta. Se ofrecieron cuatro opciones de respuesta, una correcta y tres ligadas a sesgos específicos. Tanto la investigación como el paradigma, fueron diseñados desde la Teoría de Modelos Mentales propuesta para la negación. El estudio fue de tipo correlacional, y participaron del mismo 150 estudiantes universitarios. Resultados: se encontró que los factores de Neuroticismo, Extraversión y Amabilidad estaban ligados a patrones de respuestas específicos. La dificultad y el contexto fueron considerados mediadores del proceso. Discusión: la evidencia resultó compatible con la Teoría de Modelos Mentales pero inconsistente respecto de las teorías basadas en reglas formales.   Contribución de autoría MCC: recopilación de datos, análisis estadístico, datos interpretación y discusión. ER: Discusión y revisión final del artículo. GM: Concepción y diseño del estudio, interpretación. de los datos, discusión y revisión final de la manuscrito