Ensino da lí­ngua portuguesa sob uma perspectiva textual

Este artigo apresenta breve revisão bibliográfica sobre aspectos de duas abordagens de ensino da lí­ngua portuguesa nas escolas públicas. Na primeira parte, discutem-se caracterí­sticas e algumas crí­ticas que recaem sobre esse tipo de ensino, cuja base é a gramática tradicional, exemplificando com algumas partes de um livro didático de lí­ngua portuguesa, utilizado em escolas públicas do estado do Paraná. Neste trabalho, procura-se explicar o que é o termo gramática, bem como compreender a abordagem de elementos linguí­sticos e a concepção de linguagem que perpassa a gramática tradicional. Na sequência, trata-se do ensino da lí­ngua portuguesa sob uma perspectiva textual, que propõe análise linguí­stica a partir de textos reais, ultrapassando as definições cristalizadas da tradição gramatical. Elencam-se teorias sobre como deve ser o ensino de lí­ngua para que se favoreça a reflexão dos alunos sobre as ocorrências gramaticais nos textos

Antinociception of β-d-glucan from Pleurotus pulmonarius is possibly related to protein kinase C inhibition

Abstractβ-d-Glucan, a polysaccharide isolated from an edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel., presented antinociceptive activity in mice. This study evaluated the involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and protein kinase C (PKC) on antinociceptive effect of a (1→3),(1→6)-linked β-d-glucan (GL) in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of GL potently inhibited nociceptive responses induced by intraplantar injections of capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, menthol, acidified saline and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that GL treatment also prevented PMA-induced PKCɛ activation. Collectively, present results demonstrate that GL could constitute an attractive molecule of interest for the development of new analgesic drugs

Pressurized Liquid (PLE) Truffle Extracts Have Inhibitory Activity on Key Enzymes Related to Type 2 Diabetes (α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase)

An optimized PLE method was applied to several truffle species using three different solvent mixtures to obtain bioactive enriched fractions. The pressurized water extracts contained mainly (1 ? 3),(1 ? 6)-?-D-glucans, chitins, and heteropolymers with galactose and mannose in their structures. The ethanol extracts included fatty acids and fungal sterols and others such as brassicasterol and stigmasterol, depending on the species. They also showed a different fatty acid lipid profile depending on the solvent utilized and species considered. Ethanol:water extracts showed interesting lipids and many phenolic compounds; however, no synergic extraction of compounds was noticed. Some of the truffle extracts were able to inhibit enzymes related to type 2 diabetes; pressurized water extracts mainly inhibited the ?-amylase enzyme, while ethanolic extracts were more able to inhibit ?-glucosidase. Tuber brumale var. moschatum and T. aestivum var. uncinatum extracts showed an IC50 of 29.22 mg/mL towards ?-amylase and 7.93 mg/mL towards ?-glucosidase. Thus, use of the PLE method allows o bioactive enriched fractions to be obtained from truffles with antidiabetic properties.This research was funded by the fellowship Ibercaja-CAI Estancias de Investigación number CA 1/20. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union under “Horizon 2020—the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014–2020)”. Grant Agreement of the Project: “Innovation in truffle cultivation, preservation, processing and wild truffle resources management”, INTACT, Project number 101007623.trufflesβ-D-glucansergosterolfatty acidsantidiabeticamylaseglucosidasePublishe

Mortalidade atribuível às doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens residentes no Brasil

Introduction: cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the reduction in CVD incidence and mortality in the 20th century, the values remain high in the 21st century. In Brazil, there is a gap in population studies that estimated standardized mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases in young adults. Objective: to assess the trend in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in young adults, according to sex, age group and regions of Brazil. Methods: ecological time series study using official secondary data from Mortality Information Systems (SIM). All deaths from cardiovascular diseases (I00-I-99) in young adults aged 20-49 years, residing in Brazil, in the period from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2017, were considered. Data were extracted from the Department of Informatics of the SUS (DATASUS). The Prais-Winsten regression model was used and the Annual Percentage Variation (APV) was calculated. All analyzes were performed in STATA 14.0 software. Results: during the period 2008-2017, 294,232 deaths (8.7%) from cardiovascular disease were identified in young adults aged 20-49 years. A reduction in CVD mortality was identified in all regions of Brazil, except for individuals aged 20-24 years, residing in the Northeast region, which showed an increase (APC: 2.45%) (p<0.05) 2013 -2017. The greatest variation in the mortality trend occurred in the South region (APC: -25.2%). While the smallest change in mortality trend occurred in the Northeast region (APC: -8.8%). The annual decline was smaller in the second quinquennium (2013-2017) compared to the first (2008-2012). Furthermore, the decline was more pronounced among women (APC: -2.51%) (p<0.05) 2008-2012 and in young adults aged 40-44 years (APC: -2.91%) (p<0.05) 2008-2012. Furthermore, the trend in CVD mortality stabilized from 2013 onwards in males (p>0.05). Conclusion: the results demonstrate a decreasing trend in mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in young adults in Brazil, between 2008-2017. It is concluded that there is inequality in the trend of mortality from CVD according to sex, age group and regions of Brazil.Introdução: doenças Cardiovasculares são as principais causas de morte no mundo. Apesar da redução da incidência e mortalidade por DCV no século XX, os valores permanecem elevados no século XXI. No Brasil, há lacuna de estudos populacionais que estimaram as taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens. Objetivo: avaliar a tendência da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens, segundo sexo, faixa etária e regiões do Brasil. Método: estudo de séries temporais com uso de dados secundários oficiais dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foram consideradas todas as mortes por doenças cardiovasculares (I00-I-99) em adultos jovens faixa etária 20-49 anos, residentes no Brasil, no período de 01 de janeiro de 2008 a 31 de dezembro de 2017. Os dados foram extraídos do Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS). Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão Prais-Winsten e calculada a Variação Percentual Anual (VPA). Todas as análises foram realizadas no software STATA 14.0. Resultados: durante período 2008-2017, foram identificadas 294.232 mortes (8,7%) por doença cardiovascular em adultos jovens com idade entre 20-49 anos. Identificou-se a redução da mortalidade por DCV em todas as regiões do Brasil, exceto nos indivíduos de 20-24 anos, residentes na região Nordeste, a qual apresentou aumento (VPA: 2,45%) (p<0,05) 2013-2017. A maior variação da tendência de mortalidade ocorreu na região Sul (VPA: -25,2%). Enquanto a menor variação de tendência da mortalidade ocorreu na região Nordeste (VPA: -8,8%). O declínio anual foi menor no segundo quinquênio (2013-2017) em comparação ao primeiro (2008-2012). Além disso, o declínio foi mais acentuado entre as mulheres (VPA: -2,51%) (p<0,05) 2008-2012 e em adultos jovens com idade entre 40-44 anos (VPA: -2,91%) (p<0,05) 2008-2012. Ademais, a tendência de mortalidade por DCV se estabilizou a partir de 2013 no sexo masculino (p>0,05). Conclusão: os resultados demonstram tendência decrescente da mortalidade por Doença Cardiovascular em adultos jovens no Brasil, entre 2008-2017. Conclui-se que existe desigualdade na tendência de mortalidade por DCV segundo sexo, faixa etária e regiões do Brasil

Desenvolvimento de um micro-aquecedor para sistemas de análise química em fluxo: determinação espectrofotométrica de manganês em plantas

In this work a micro-heater device to be used as an integral part of the flow analysis manifold is described. The usefulness of the device was demonstrated using it in the development of a multicommutated flow analysis procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of manganese in plant digest. The method was based on the manganese oxidation by periodate in phosphoric acid medium to form the permanganate anion. The reaction development is dependent on the temperature and it was observed that at 25 °C a time interval of ca. 15 min was necessary for the reaction to attain equilibrium. Setting the temperature to 70 ºC, this time interval could be decreased to ca. 30 s. This condition was easily attained employing the proposed micro-heater device coupled to the manifold. The procedure was applied to manganese determination in soybean digests and results compared with those obtained by inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). No significant difference at 90% confidence level was observed. A linear response for sample concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 30.00 mg L-1 Mn2+; a relative standard deviation of 1.3% (n = 6) for a typical sample containing 6.3 mg L-1 Mn2+; a sampling rate of 22 determinations per hour; a low reagent consumption, of 12.0 mg NaIO4 per determination; and a detection limit of 1.2 mg L-1 were achieved

Production of a β-d-glucan-rich extract from Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) by an extraction/microfiltration/reverse osmosis (nanofiltration) process

A pilot-scale process combining extraction of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) powder in water (98 °C, 1 h), cross-flow microfiltration and reverse osmosis (nanofiltration) was performed to obtain β-glucan-rich extracts. Suspensions (45–80 L) obtained after 3 extractions were clarified by microfiltration reducing their turbidity to <1 NTU. Membrane flux was completely recovered after filtration. One of the clarified extracts was concentrated (to 6–7 L) by reverse osmosis (Nanomax95) and the other two by nanofiltration (Nanomax50 and ALNF99-2517). Different physicochemical parameters (permeate flux, total soluble substances, total suspended particles and electrical conductivity) were monitored during filtration and the bioactive compounds present in the obtained fractions (β-glucans, total carbohydrates, chitins, eritadenine, lenthionine, ergosterol) were analyzed. The more adequate membrane for Shiitake extract concentration was Nanomax50 because it showed higher filtration flux and higher values of bioactive compounds in the obtained extract than the extracts obtained with the other two membranes.This research was supported by national R + D program from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project AGL2014-56211-R) and the regional program from the Community of Madrid, Spain (S2013/ABI-2728).Peer reviewe

Strengths and weaknesses of the aniline-blue method used to test mushroom (1→3)-β-D-glucans obtained by microwave-assisted extractions

The parameters to extract polysaccharide-enriched fractions (PEF) from mushrooms using MAE (microwave-assisted extraction) were adjusted following a full factorial 3 2 experimental design. The highest yield and total carbohydrate values, using Lentinula edodes as model mushroom, were obtained at 180 °C and 30 min. Several mushroom species were submitted to MAE and their PEF yields ranged between 12.1–44.2%. (1→3)-β-Glucans determination using a conventional fluorimetric method changed depending on the standard utilized. NMR analyses of PEF indicated that the presence of other polysaccharides in the extracts or their specific folding, might impair the proper determination of (1→3) linkages by the fluorophore. Mushrooms from Cantharellales order contained (1→3)-β-glucans but they were not detected with the fluorimetric method. Therefore, although the method (after adjustments) was sensitive enough to detect their presence in many mushroom extracts, it cannot be used for all species and it is also not recommended for quantitative determinations