Sums of two dimensional spectral triples

We study countable sums of two dimensional modules for the continuous complex functions on a compact metric space and show that it is possible to construct a spectral triple which gives the original metric back. This spectral triple will be finitely summable for any positive parameter. We also construct a sum of two dimensional modules which reflects some aspects of the topological dimensions of the compact metric space, but this will only give the metric back approximately. We make an explicit computation of the last module for the unit interval. The metric is recovered exactly, the Dixmier trace induces a multiple of the Lebesgue integral and the number N(K) of eigenvalues bounded by K behaves, such that N(K)/K is bounded, but without limit for K growing.Comment: 27 page

Spectral triples and the geometry of fractals

For each K-homolgy element of the Sierpinski gasket we construct a spectral triple which will generate that element. We show that there must be certain limits on the choice of the K-homology element if the geometric properties of the gasket shall be recoverable from that spectral triple. For a big subgroup of the K-homology group we show that our spectral triples will recover the metric, the dimension and the Hausdorff measure on the gaket.Comment: 29 pages, 9 figures, The title in the first version was: "On the choice of a spectral triple". The title and parts of the manuscript have been changed in accordance with suggetions made by the referee. The article will appear in Journal of noncommutative geometr

The chemodynamical evolution of the Milky Way disc -- A new modeling approach

Despite the recent advancements in the field of galaxy formation and evolution, fully self-consistent simulations are still unable to make the detailed predictions necessary for the planned and ongoing large spectroscopic and photometry surveys of the Milky Way disc. These difficulties arise from the very uncertain nature of sub-grid physical energy feedback within models, affecting both star formation rates and chemical enrichment. To avoid these problems, we have introduced a new approach which consists of fusing disc chemical evolution models with compatible numerical simulations. We demonstrate the power of this method by showing that a range of observational results can be explained by our new model. We show that due to radial migration from mergers at high redshift and the central bar at later times, a sizable fraction of old metal-poor, high-[alpha/Fe] stars can reach the solar vicinity. This naturally accounts for a number of recent observations related to both the thin and thick discs, despite the fact that we use thin-disc chemistry only. Within the framework of our model, the MW thick disc has emerged naturally from (i) stars born with high velocity dispersions at high redshift, (ii) stars migrating from the inner disc very early on due to strong merger activity, and (iii) further radial migration driven by the bar and spirals at later times. A significant fraction of old stars with thick-disc characteristics could have been born near the solar radius.Comment: Invited review at IAUS 298, Setting the scene for Gaia and LAMOST - the current and next generations of surveys and models, held in Lijiang, China, May 17-21, 2013. Will appear in IAU Symposium, vol 298, S. Feltzing, G. Zhao, N. Walton and P. Whitelock, ed

Dirac operators and spectral triples for some fractal sets built on curves

We construct spectral triples and, in particular, Dirac operators, for the algebra of continuous functions on certain compact metric spaces. The triples are countable sums of triples where each summand is based on a curve in the space. Several fractals, like a finitely summable infinite tree and the Sierpinski gasket, fit naturally within our framework. In these cases, we show that our spectral triples do describe the geodesic distance and the Minkowski dimension as well as, more generally, the complex fractal dimensions of the space. Furthermore, in the case of the Sierpinski gasket, the associated Dixmier-type trace coincides with the normalized Hausdorff measure of dimension $\log 3/ \log 2$.Comment: 48 pages, 4 figures. Elementary proofs omitted. To appear in Adv. Mat

Emotion vs. deliberation in helping: a two-step model of donating decisions

Emotions are influential in determining individuals to donate to charitable causes. However, emotions could interfere with the later decision to whom to allocate the donation resources by making people more likely to donate to a few individual victims instead of many statistical ones. Nevertheless, rationality could direct the allocation decision on the right way (i.e., by donating to statistical victims instead of determined victims). This paper investigated the role of emotional vs. deliberative information processing mode in decision-making in helping situations. In two studies, it was examined whether information processing mode (either emotional or rational) influenced participants' donation decisions. Information processing was manipulated by using both a mindset and conceptual prime (Study 1) or only a mindset prime (Study 2). The results yielded, similarly to Dickert, Sagara, and Slovic (2011), that an emotional processing mode increased people's tendency to donate to charity and also the amount donated (Study 1; Step 1). Furthermore, a rational processing mode determined people to choose the most normatively correct (i.e., from an utilitarian point of view) alternative, that is, to allocate the donation to a greater number of statistical victims instead of a lesser number of determined victims (Study 2; Step 2). The potential beneficial and disruptive implications for both emotions and rationality are discussed in line of a more complete two-step model of donating decisions, where Step 1 refers to the decision to donate or not donate and how much and Step 2 involves the decision to whom to allocate the donations

Defining architectures for recommended systems for medical treatment. A Systematic Literature Review

This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review(SLR) related to recommender system for medical treatment, aswell as analyze main elements that may provide flexible, accurate,and comprehensive recommendations. To do so, a SLR researchmethodology obey. As a result, 12 intelligent recommendersystems related to prescribing medication were classed dependingto specific criteria. We assessed and analyze these medicinerecommender systems and enumerate the challenges. After studyingselected papers, our study concentrated on two researchquestions concerning the availability of medicine recommendersystems for physicians and the features these systems should have.Further research is encouraged in order to build an intelligentrecommender system based on the features analyzed in this work

Aves limpadoras: uma visão geral para os Neotrópicos

Several bird species feed on a variety of external parasites and epibionts, organic debris, dead and wounded tissue, clots and blood, and secretions from the body of other vertebrates (hosts or clients). We present an overview of so called cleaner birds from the Neotropics based on field records, literature, and photo survey. We found that 33 bird species in 16 families practice cleaning even if some of them do so very occasionally. The birds range from the Galápagos ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa to the widespread black vulture Coragyps atratus. Clients mostly are large herbivores such as capybaras, deer, and livestock, but also include medium-sized herbivores such as iguanas and tortoises, and carnivores such as boobies and seals - a few bird species associate with these latter marine mammals. No carnivorous terrestrial mammal client is recorded to date except for a domestic dog, from whose hair black vultures picked organic debris. Some clients adopt particular inviting postures while being cleaned, whereas others are indifferent or even disturbed by the activity of cleaner birds. Capybaras, giant tortoises, and iguanas are among the inviting clients, whereas boobies try to dislodge the 'vampire' finch Geospiza difficilis. Most of the Neotropical cleaner birds may be lumped in one broad category (omnivores that dwell in open areas and associate with large to medium-sized herbivores). A second, restricted category accommodates some species from Patagonia and the Galápagos Islands (omnivores that dwell in open areas and associate with carnivorous marine mammals, or seabirds and marine reptiles). Two still more restricted categories accommodate the following: 1) forest-dwelling cleaner birds; and 2) marine coastal cleaners. Additional records of Neotropical cleaner birds will mostly fall in the broad category.Diversas espécies de aves alimentam-se de uma variedade de ectoparasitas e epibiontes, partículas orgânicas, tecido morto ou ferido, coágulos e sangue, além de secreções do corpo de outros vertebrados (hospedeiros ou clientes). Apresentamos uma visão geral sobre aves limpadoras dos Neotrópicos, baseada em registros de campo, literatura e levantamento de fotografias. Encontramos 33 espécies em 16 famílias que agem como limpadoras, ainda que algumas delas muito ocasionalmente. As aves abrangem desde o tentilhão Geospiza fuliginosa das Ilhas Galápagos até o disseminado urubu Coragyps atratus. Os clientes são principalmente herbívoros de grande porte como capivaras, veados e gado, mas também incluem herbívoros de médio porte como iguanas e tartarugas, e carnívoros como atobás e elefantes-marinhos (algumas poucas espécies de aves se associam a estes mamíferos marinhos). Não há registro de cliente carnívoro terrestre, com exceção de um cão doméstico de cuja pelagem urubus cataram partículas orgânicas. Algumas espécies de clientes adotam posturas particulares - à maneira de convite - enquanto são limpas, ao passo que outras ficam indiferentes ou até perturbadas pela atividade das aves limpadoras. Capivaras, tartarugas-gigantes e iguanas, estão entre os clientes que convidam, ao passo que atobás tentam se livrar do tentilhão 'vampiro' Geospiza difficilis. A maioria das aves limpadoras neotropicais pode ser agrupada em uma ampla categoria (onívoros que habitam áreas abertas e se associam a herbívoros de médio a grande porte). Uma segunda categoria, restrita, acomoda algumas poucas espécies das Ilhas Galápagos e da Patagônia (onívoros que vivem em áreas abertas e se associam a mamíferos marinhos, ou aves e répteis marinhos). Duas categorias, mais restritas ainda, acomodam: 1) aves limpadoras que vivem em florestas; e 2) limpadores marinhos costeiros. Registros adicionais de aves limpadoras neotropicais provavelmente serão acomodados na categoria ampla.195203Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq