Association Between Infectious Agents and Lesions in Post-Weaned Piglets and Fattening Heavy Pigs With Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC)

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial syndrome that causes health problems in growing pigs and economic losses to farmers. The etiological factors involved can be bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. However, environmental stressors associated with farm management can influence the status of the animal's health. The role and impact of different microorganisms in the development of the disease can be complex, and these are not fully understood. The severity of lesions are a consequence of synergism and combination of different factors. The aim of this study was to systematically analyse samples, conferred to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (IZSLER, Brescia), with a standardized diagnostic protocol in case of suspected PRDC. During necropsy, the lungs and carcasses were analyzed to determine the severity and extension of lesions. Gross lung lesions were classified according to a pre-established scheme adapted from literature. Furthermore, pulmonary, pleural, and nasal lesions were scored to determine their severity and extension. Finally, the presence of infectious agents was investigated to identify the microorganisms involved in the cases studied. During the years 2014–2016, 1,658 samples of lungs and carcasses with PRDC from 863 farms were analyzed; among them 931 and 727 samples were from weaned piglets and fattening pigs, respectively. The most frequently observed lesions were characteristic of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, and pleuritis. Some pathogens identified were correlated to specific lesions, whereas other pathogens to various lesions. These underline the need for the establishment of control and treatment programmes for individual farms

Detection and characterization of a rhabdovirus causing mortality in black bullhead catfish, Ameiurus melas

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The Disturbed Habitat and Its Effects on the Animal Population

Changes in the “habitat” may interfere with the normal functioning of all biological systems. The existence of relationships between environmental changes and health in humans and animal species is well known and it has become generally accepted that poor health affects the animal’s natural behaviors and animal welfare and, consequently, food safety and animal production quality. Microclimate alterations, husbandry-management conditions, quality of human-animal interactions, feeding systems, and rearing environment represent the main factors that could negatively affect animal welfare and may produce behavioral, biochemical, endocrine, and pathological modifications in domestic and wild animals. Particularly, high stress levels can reduce the immune system response and promote infectious diseases. Adverse socio-environmental factors can represent a major stimulus to the development of different pathologies. This chapter will discuss the main pathological modifications described in domestic and wild animals due to “disturbed habitat” paying more attention to critical points detected in standard breeding systems

Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Dactylogyridae: Monogenea) Infection in Symphysodon discus: a Case Report

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MANUALE PER LA GESTIONE DEL CONTROLLO DEL BENESSERE DEI PESCI DURANTE IL TRASPORTO SU STRADA: REGOLAMENTO n. 1/2005 CE del Consiglio, del 22 Dicembre 2004 sulla protezione degli animali durante il trasporto e le operazioni correlate

L’acquacoltura ha sempre rappresentato un’importante attività di allevamento animale e mai come oggi ha assunto un’importanza crescente dovuta ad una sempre maggior domanda di consumo annuo pro capite di pesce che, tuttavia, ha comportato una contestuale diminuzione dell’apporto della pesca. La movimentazione di pesce vivo è parte integrante della attività di piscicoltura in tutta Europa.   Negli ultimi decenni in Italia l’allevamento del pesce e di altre specie acquatiche è stato in costante aumento, stabilizzandosi solo negli ultimi anni. Si è registrato un sempre maggiore interesse alle pratiche di acquacoltura utilizzate e ai relativi problemi di benessere dei pesci da parte del legislatore, nel campo della ricerca e da parte dei consumatori. I dati dimostrano che l’acquacoltura è un settore in crescita: nell’anno 2016 sono stati trasportati e introdotti in Italia oltre 72 milioni di Kg. di pesce vivo (35.5% trote – 14.6% spigole e orate – 4% pesce gatto e anguille) e si prevede che a livello mondiale nel 2030 il 60% del pesce consumato sarà di allevamento. In Italia le specie più trasportate sono le orate, le spigole nelle fasi giovanili e le trote.   La maggior parte delle specie di pesce che sono allevate vengono spostate almeno una volta durante il loro ciclo produttivo, mentre alcuni animali vengono movimentati più volte. In acquacoltura sono allevate e trasportate oltre 60 specie diverse di pesci (oltre 30 specie in Europa). Se ne deduce che quantità di animali trasportati e la e la lunghezza durata del viaggio possono variare considerevolmente, in funzione del ciclo produttivo e delle necessità commerciali, che talvolta possono cambiare anche nel corso dello stesso anno. Il trasporto dei pesci è forse il più difficile e delicato rispetto alle altre specie di vertebrati, per cui ne deriva che un piccolissimo errore nelle varie fasi di trasporto ne comprometterebbe il benessere degli animali nonché una perdita economica nel settore.   L’azione di protezione e di mantenimento delle condizioni di benessere del pesce vivo durante le operazioni di trasporto, che dovrebbe essere un dovere morale dell’allevatore e/o autotrasportatore, è un obbligo sancito dalla legislazione vigente e comporta una responsabilità legale sia degli operatori del settore, sia delle autorità competenti preposte ai controlli, le quali devono avere una alta professionalità e competenza nel corso delle operazioni ispettive e di vigilanza. Nelle attività di trasporto del pesce, è necessario eseguire le operazioni secondo specifici protocolli operativi, allo scopo di non pregiudicare lo stato di salute e indirettamente anche il valore economico degli animali oggetto di movimentazione. E’ rilevante quindi che gli operatori e il personale addetto siano formati e preparati per garantire ai pesci un trasporto senza stress. A tal proposito è importante sottolineare l’importanza fondamentale della figura del veterinario, il quale rappresenta oggi la sola figura professionale e con competenze scientifiche a cui la legge attribuisce il compito-dovere di verifica e di controllo delle condizioni degli animali e dei loro prodotti, nello specifico anche del pesce, ivi compresi i provvedimenti a tutela della protezione del benessere dell’animale durante il trasporto e che comportano, inoltre, anche la valutazione delle condizioni di dolore, stress, o sofferenze evitabili nel corso delle operazioni. Con il presente ‘Manuale’, vengono riportate una serie di misure specifiche da applicare nella gestione del trasporto su strada del pesce vivo, al fine di definire ed individuare le condizioni ottimali di benessere nel corso delle movimentazioni

Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Dairy Calves: A 15-Year Retrospective Analysis and Comparison of Treated and Untreated Animals

The health problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) involves several species. AMR surveillance is essential to identify its development and design control strategies; however, available data are still limited in some contexts. The AMR profiles of 2612 E. coli strains isolated over a period of 15 years (2002–2016) from calf enteric cases were analyzed to determine the presence of resistance and their temporal dynamics. Furthermore, the AMR profiles and the presence of the major virulence genes of 505 E. coli strains isolated from 1-week- and 2-week-old calves, 406 treated with antimicrobials and 99 untreated, were analyzed and compared to investigate the potential effects of treatment on AMR and strain pathogenicity. Resistance to tetracycline (90.70%) was the most common, followed by resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (77.70%) and flumequine (72.10%). The significantly higher percentage of AMR and virulence gene expression recorded in treated calves, combined with the statistically higher resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim in E. coli with K99, corroborates the notion of resistance being induced by the frequent use of antimicrobials, leading to treatments potentially becoming ineffective. The significantly higher resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol in isolates from 1-week-old calves suggests the role of the environment as a source of contamination that should be investigated further

ESBL/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Wild Boar: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

The complex health problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) involves many host species, numerous bacteria and several routes of transmission. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are among the most important strains. Moreover, wildlife hosts are of interest as they are likely antibiotics free and are assumed as environmental indicators of AMR contamination. Particularly, wild boar (Sus scrofa) deserves attention because of its increased population densities, with consequent health risks at the wildlife–domestic–human interface, and the limited data available on AMR. Here, 1504 wild boar fecal samples were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed to investigate ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and, through generalized linear models, the effects of host-related factors and of human population density on their spread. A prevalence of 15.96% of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, supported by blaCTX-M (12.3%), blaTEM (6.98%), blaCMY (0.86%) and blaSHV (0.47%) gene detection, emerged. Young animals were more colonized by ESBL/AmpC strains than older subjects, as observed in domestic animals. Increased human population density leads to increased blaTEM prevalence in wild boar, suggesting that spatial overlap may favor this transmission. Our results show a high level of AMR contamination in the study area that should be further investigated. However, a role of wild boar as a maintenance host of AMR strains emerged

SARS-CoV-2 in a Mink Farm in Italy: Case Description, Molecular and Serological Diagnosis by Comparing Different Tests

This study described a SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks on an Italian farm. Surveillance was performed based on clinical examination and a collection of 1879 swabs and 74 sera from dead and live animals. The farm was placed under surveillance for 4.5 months, from the end of July 2020, when a man working on the farm tested positive by RT-PCR, till mid-December 2020 when all the animals were sacrificed. Clinical examination revealed no clinical signs or increased mortality rates attributable to SARS-CoV-2, while diagnostic tests detected only four weak PCR-positive samples, but 100% of sera were positive for SARS-CoV-2 anti-S antibodies. The phylogenetic analysis of two SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two minks and the sequence of the worker showed that they belonged to different clades. It could be therefore assumed that two distinct introductions of the virus occurred on the farm, and that the first introduction probably occurred before the start of the surveillance period. From the data collected, and especially from the detection of specific antibodies through the combination of different tests, it can be postulated that syndromic surveillance combined with genome detection by PCR may not be sufficient to achieve a diagnosis in asymptomatic animals. In particular, the serological approach, especially when using tests directed towards the S protein, may be useful for improving the traceability of virus circulation in similar environments