Agricultura urbana: alternativa para aliviar a fome e para a educação ambiental.

Este trabalho enfatiza a importância da Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana (AUP), uma iniciativa que tem crescido em muitas cidades do mundo e pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para auxiliar a combater a miséria, melhorar a segurança alimentar e nutricional de algumas comunidades urbanas e criar um habitat urbano melhor. As potencialidades da agricultura urbana são favoráveis à sua implementação e consolidação. A principal delas é a possibilidade de melhoria das condições de vida de parcela da população desprovida (pequenos sitiantes excluídos do processo de produção, e de pessoas que utilizam parte do quintal da casa para produzir algum tipo de alimento), como de consumidores, sobretudo em relação à saúde, já que muitas pessoas estão cada vez mais valorizando a ausência de agrotóxicos nos vegetais que consomem. Além disto, este tipo de atividade é representativo de um nicho de mercado, portanto, algo que represente uma fonte de renda, ainda que pequena, mas que pode significar também o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar no meio urbano. Os benefícios desta agricultura são múltiplos e envolvem notadamente questões como saúde, nutrição, combate à pobreza, saneamento, valorização da cultura local e, especialmente, educação ambiental e podem contribuir bastante para o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades

How to think about health promotion ethics

Health promotion ethics is moral deliberation about health promotion and its practice. Although academics and practitioners have been writing about ethics, and especially values, in health promotion for decades, health promotion ethics is now regaining attention within the broader literature on public health ethics. Health promotion is difficult to define, and this has implications for health promotion ethics. Health promotion can be approached in two complementary ways: as a normative ideal, and as a practice. We consider the normative ideal of health promotion to be that aspect of public health practice that is particularly concerned with the equity of social arrangements: it imagines that social arrangements can be altered to make things better for everyone, whatever their health risks, and seeks to achieve this in collaboration with citizens. This raises two main ethical questions. First: what is a good society? And then: what should health promotion contribute to a good society? The practice of health promotion varies widely. Discussion of its ethical implications has addressed four main issues: the potential for health promotion to limit or increase the freedom of individuals; health promotion as a source of collective benefit; the possibility that health promotion strategies might blame the victim or stigmatise those who are disabled, sick or at higher risk of disease; and the importance of distributing the benefits of health promotion fairly. Different people will make different moral evaluations on each of these issues in a way that is informed by, and informs, their vision of a good society and their understanding of the ends of health promotion. We conclude that future work in health promotion ethics will require thoughtfully connecting social and political philosophy with an applied, empirically informed ethics of practice

Distribuição espacial e áreas potenciais para a criação de rã-touro gigante (Rana catesbeiana SHAW, 1802) na região sudeste do Brasil.

A ranicultura apresenta infraestrutura (logística), condições ambientais e mercado potencial promissores em algumas localizações do Brasil. O presente trabalho objetivou fazer o levantamento dos ranários ativos atuais existentes na Região Sudeste e da sua distribuição espacial, e determinar áreas com potencial alto, intermediário e baixo para a criação da rã-touro gigante (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) considerando-se restrições como altitude, temperatura mínima e umidade relativa do ar (UR). No levantamento, foram contabilizados 144 ranários distribuídos em 60 municípios em São Paulo (SP), 16 no Rio de Janeiro (RJ), dez em Minas Gerais (MG) e três no Espírito Santo (ES). Regiões de ES e RJ apresentaram alto potencial criatório; a faixa oriental sentido norte-sul e pequena faixa estreita central em MG, o noroeste e o sudoeste de SP, além de faixa litorânea centro-sul de SP apresentaram potencial intermediário. Áreas com restrição quanto à temperatura mínima tomam grande área da região central até o sul de MG e mais da metade do centro-leste de SP (maior extensão). Áreas com restrição quanto à UR do ar situam-se na faixa noroestesudoeste de MG e na faixa centro-leste de SP. Entre todos os estados da Região Sudeste, o ES apresentou a maior extensão territorial com áreas de alto potencial natural para criação de rã-touro gigante. As informações obtidas pelo levantamento evidenciaram problemas logísticos (dificuldades de comercialização, grande distância do produtor aos poucos abatedouros ou indústria de processamento), além da falta de informações oficiais e de assistência e apoio governamental à ranicultura, principalmente em ES e MG

Áreas potenciais para a criação de rã-touro gigante Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) na região Sudeste do Brasil.

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Dietary patterns and changes in body composition in children between 9 and 11 years

Objective: Childhood obesity is rising and dietary intake is a potentially modifiable factor that plays an important role in its development. We aim to investigate the association between dietary patterns, obtained through principal components analysis and gains in fat and lean mass in childhood. Design : Diet diaries at 10 years of age collected from children taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 9 and 11. Setting: Longitudinal birth cohort. Subjects: 3911 children with complete data. Results: There was an association between the Health Aware (positive loadings on high-fiber bread, and fruits and vegetables; negative loadings on chips, crisps, processed meat, and soft drinks) pattern score and decreased fat mass gain in girls. After adjusting for confounders, an increase of 1 standard deviation (sd) in this score led to an estimated 1.2% decrease in fat mass gain in valid-reporters and 2.1% in under-reporters. A similar decrease was found only in under-reporting boys. There was also an association between the Packed Lunch (high consumption of white bread, sandwich fillings, and snacks) pattern score and decreased fat mass gain (1.1% per sd) in valid-reporting but not under-reporting girls. The main association with lean mass gain was an increase with Packed Lunch pattern score in valid-reporting boys only. Conclusions: There is a small association between dietary patterns and change in fat mass in mid-childhood. Differences between under- and valid-reporters emphasize the need to consider valid-reporters separately in such studies. © 2014 Andrew D. A. C. Smith et al

N4hydroxylation of sulfamethoxazole by cytochrome P450 of the cytochrome P4502C subfamily and reduction of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine in human and rat hepatic microsomes. Drug Metab

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A video life-world approach to consultation practice: The relevance of a socio-phenomenological approach

This article discusses the [development and] use of a video life-world schema to explore alternative orientations to the shared health consultation. It is anticipated that this schema can be used by practitioners and consumers alike to understand the dynamics of videoed health consultations, the role of the participants within it and the potential to consciously alter the outcome by altering behaviour during the process of interaction. The study examines health consultation participation and develops an interpretative method of analysis that includes image elicitation (via videos), phenomenology (to identify the components of the analytic framework), narrative (to depict the stories of interactions) and a reflexive mode (to develop shared meaning through a conceptual framework for analysis). The analytic framework is derived from a life-world conception of human mutual shared interaction which is presented here as a novel approach to understanding patient-centred care. The video materials used in this study were derived from consultations in a Walk-in Centre (WiC) in East London. The conceptual framework produced through the process of video analysis is comprised of different combinations of movement, knowledge and emotional conversations that are used to classify objective or engaged WiC health care interactions. The videoed interactions organise along an active or passive, facilitative or directive typical situation continuum illustrating different kinds of textual approaches to practice that are in tension or harmony. The schema demonstrates how practitioners and consumers interact to produce these outcomes and indicates the potential for both consumers and practitioners to be educated to develop practice dynamics that support patient-centred care and impact on health outcomes