Wilde Stein Club\u27s budget slashed

The Student Government has cut this year\u27s allocations to the Wilde Stein Club\u27s budget by almost $500 over last year. The 1978-79 Student Government budget includes$769.35 allocated to the Wilde Stein Club, UMO\u27s association for homosexuals. In last year\u27s budget, the gays received $1,233.70

The Impasse of Tibetan Justice: Spain\u27s Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Prosecuting Chinese Genocide

Universal jurisdiction is the progressive and contentious legal principle that courts have competence to adjudicate cases involving alleged violations of international law regardless of the nation in which those crimes occurred, the nationality of the victim, or the nationality of the perpetrator. While the limits of more conventional theories of jurisdiction are defined by sovereignty, territory, and nationality, the exercise of universal jurisdiction is based solely on the nature of the crime alleged. That is, when a crime is so serious that it violates peremptory norms of international law, courts are entitled, or even obliged, to hear those cases regardless of when, where, and by whom those crimes were committed. The cases at the heart of this Comment typify the use of universal jurisdiction in order to prosecute perpetrators of serious international crimes. In June 2005, Spanish nonprofit organizations, including the Committee to Support Tibet (Comite de Apoyo al Tibet) and the Tibet House Foundation (Fundacion Casa del Tibet), filed a complaint before the Spanish National Audience (Audiencia Nacional). The complaint accused former Chinese government and military officials of committing, inter alia, acts of genocide and torture in Tibet from 1950 to the present, including the murder or displacement of more than a million Tibetans. At first glance, it may seem audacious, or even outlandish, that the Spanish judiciary might concern itself with a complaint involving acts allegedly committed decades ago, thousands of miles from Spain, and by and against parties with no explicit connection to Spain. Yet, as will be explored below, the involvement of a Tibetan immigrant and Spanish national named Thubten Wangchen Sherpa, in conjunction with the gravity of the crimes alleged, clearly qualified the complaint for consideration by Spanish courts. That is, Thubten’s affiliation with both Spain and China served as a bridge connecting official Chinese acts and Spanish interests. Further, because the prohibition of genocide, torture, and other acts are regarded as jus cogens, customary international laws so fundamental that their violation is universally condemned, Spanish courts are entitled to hear claims alleging such violations. This is supported not only by the weight of international legal instruments that Spain is a party to, but also by Spain’s own criminal law and judicial statutes. Of course, just because Spain has such a right in theory does not mean it has exercised this right fully in practice. This Comment argues that Spain has a unique opportunity to provide at least a small measure of justice to countless Tibetans who have been the victims of serious crimes over the past sixty years. By agreeing to adjudicate the claims noted above, Spain can make a powerful statement that its judiciary will exercise universal jurisdiction—regardless of the politico-economic influence of the accused state or its representatives— when complainants have established a prima facie case that they have suffered violations of their fundamental human rights. In doing so, Spain can solidify its place on the vanguard of universal jurisdiction as a sorely needed leader in a tepid international system of justice that has been moving toward complacency, thereby abating the dangerous rise in impunity for state officials responsible for serious crimes

Selected technology options for sanitation provision to developing communities in urban South Africa

Includes bibliography.In 1990 the Water. Research Commission initiated an evaluation of sanitation entitled "Technical, socio-economic and environmental evaluation of sanitation systems for developing urban areas in South Africa". The research project was undertaken jointly by Palmer Development Group and the University of Cape Town. The project culminated in 26 reports submitted under the collective title "Urban Sanitation Evaluation" in December 1992. This thesis is based principally on the research work that the Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, contributed to the project and, in particular, the overview document entitled " Technology options for sanitation provision to developing Communities" (PDG/UCT Document AS, 1992). Since 1986, after the removal of legal restrictions on urbanisation, a high rate of population movement to the cities and towns commenced with housing of the urban poor a focal point. The three essential aspects of housing are location in reasonable proximity to work, provision of services, in particular water supply and sanitation, and the house or shelter. Water supply and sanitation are basic health requirements. This thesis investigates selected technology options for sanitation provision to developing communities in urban South Africa

New ways of being public: the experience of foundation degrees

This article explores the recent development of new spheres of public engagement within UK higher education through an analysis of the foundation degree qualification. These, according to the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), were designed to equip students with the combination of technical skills, academic knowledge, and transferable skills increasingly being demanded by employers, and they have been identified as being at the forefront of educational agendas aimed at increasing employer engagement in the higher education (HE) sector. As such, they might be regarded as an expression of the 'increasing privatisation' of HE. However, this article argues that, on the contrary, they have enabled the development of new areas of public engagement relating to the design and delivery of courses as well as providing new opportunities for the pursuit of public policy goals such as widening participation. Such outcomes, it is argued, are the result of a number of factors that explain the 'publicness' of the qualification and that should be sustained to ensure the implementation of the 2006 Leitch Report in a manner that further develops public engagement

Stress Analysis of a Tooth Restored with a Post and Core

An idealized axisymmetric finite element model of a second premolar restored with a post and core was used to study the distribution and magnitude of stresses as a function of the following parameters : the diameter of the post, the length and the shape of the post, and finally the interface characteristics between post and cement. Emphasis was directed toward the cement layer interposed between the post and the tooth. Bonding between the post and the cement appeared to be the most important parameter to achieve optimal mechanical behavior of the tooth-prosthesis combination.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66564/2/10.1177_00220345830620061501.pd

Functional Stomata of the Atmospheric Epiphyte Tillandsia Usneoides L.

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2474260.Although stomatal opening in Tillandsia usneoides is not detectable by light microscopy, the guard cells swell in the dark and in the light in buffers known to stimulate stomatal opening. Abscisic acid or phenylmercuric acetate substantially reduced subsequent nocturnal C 0 2 uptake. Potassium ions were more concentrated in the guard cells in the dark than in the light. The stomata of this CAM epiphyte appear functional: open at night and closed throughout most of the day

Antibiotic prophylaxis and reflux: Critical review and assessment

The use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) was critical in the evolution of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) from a condition in which surgery was the standard of treatment to its becoming a medically managed condition. The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in the management of VUR has been challenged in recent years, and significant confusion exists as to its clinical value. This review summarizes the critical factors in the history, use, and investigation of antibiotic prophylaxis in VUR. This review provides suggestions for assessing the potential clinical utility of prophylaxis

Computing approximate stationary distributions for discrete Markov processes with banded infinitesimal generators

We develop an algorithm for computing approximations to the stationary distribution of a discrete birth-and-death process, provided that the infinitesimal generator is a banded matrix. We begin by computing stationary distributions for processes whose infinitesimal generators are Hessenberg. Our derivation in this special case is different from the classical case but it leads to the same result. We then show how to extend these ideas to processes where the infinitesimal generator is banded (or half-banded) and to quasi-birth-death processes. Finally, we give an example of the application of this method to a nearly completely decomposable Markov chain to demonstrate the general applicability of the technique

Exploring How Well UK Coach Education Meets the Needs of Women Sports Coaches

Inclusive and equitable processes are important to the development of sports coaching. The aim of this study was to explore how well UK coach education meets the needs of women sports coaches in order to make recommendations to further enhance the engagement of, and support for, aspiring and existing women coaches. The national governing bodies (NGBs) of four sports (Cycling, Equestrian, Gymnastics and Rowing) volunteered to participate and semi-structured interviews using the tenants of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) within a Self Determination Theory (SDT) framework were undertaken with 23 coaches, eight coach educators and five NGB officers. The data themed into an analytic structure derived from SDT comprising ‘Autonomy: Freedom to coach’, ‘Coaching competence’, and ‘Relatedness and belonging’. The coaches perceived potential benefit from enhanced relatedness and belonging within their sport with the findings suggesting that NGBs should embrace coach-led decision making in terms of the developmental topics which are important and should adopt the development of competence, rather than assessing technical understanding, as the foundational principle of more inclusive coach education. Future research should investigate the impact of the inclusive practices which are recommended within this investigation such as the softening of the technocratic focus of formal coach education

Adolescent Reproductive Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs and Future Fatherhood.

PurposeWith a growing focus on the importance of men's reproductive health, including preconception health, the ways in which young men's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) predict their reproductive paths are understudied. To determine if reproductive KAB predicts fatherhood status, timing and residency (living with child or not).MethodsReproductive KAB and fatherhood outcomes were analyzed from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 20-year, nationally representative study of individuals from adolescence into adulthood. Four measures of reproductive KAB were assessed during adolescence in waves I and II. A generalized linear latent and mixed model predicted future fatherhood status (nonfather, resident/nonresident father, adolescent father) and timing while controlling for other socio-demographic variables.ResultsOf the 10,253 men, 3,425 were fathers (686 nonresident/2,739 resident) by wave IV. Higher risky sexual behavior scores significantly increased the odds of becoming nonresident father (odds ratio [OR], 1.30; p < .0001), resident father (OR, 1.07; p = .007), and adolescent father (OR, 1.71; p < .0001); higher pregnancy attitudes scores significantly increased the odds of becoming a nonresident father (OR, 1.20; p < .0001) and resident father (OR, 1.11; p < .0001); higher birth control self-efficacy scores significantly decreased the odds of becoming a nonresident father (OR, .72; p < .0001) and adolescent father (OR, .56; p = .01).ConclusionsYoung men's KAB in adolescence predicts their future fatherhood and residency status. Strategies that address adolescent males' reproductive KAB are needed in the prevention of unintended reproductive consequences such as early and nonresident fatherhood