Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro anti-tumor studies of bis imidazolium salts with alkyl chain linkers and naphthylmethyl substituents

Bis imidazolium salts, with alkyl chain linkers ranging from methylene to dodecyl, were synthesized with naphthylmethyl substituents at the N1 and N1’ positions for a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. All compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The cationic portion of 2 as the PF6 salt, 3, 4, and 5 were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1-8, 10, and 12 were tested for their in vitro anti-cancer activity against four NSCLC cell lines via the MTT assay (NCI–H460, NCI–H1975, HCC827, and A549). Compounds 10 and 12 which contained the decyl and dodecyl chains, respectively, had IC50 values of \u3c 1 μM (NCI-H460), \u3c 1 μM (A549), 2 μM (NCI-H1975), and 7 μM (HCC827) and \u3c 1 μM (NCI-H460), \u3c 1 μM (A549), \u3c 1 μM (NCI-H1975), and 4 μM (HCC827), respectively. The results of the MTT assays showed that activity increased as the length of the alkyl linker increased; the bis imidazolium salts with longer chains, compounds 6-8, 10, and 12, had IC50 values comparable to cisplatin.The National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) also tested compounds 1-8, 10, and 12 with its 60 human cancer cell line panel in the one-dose assay (10 μM). These results corroborated the SAR findings of our lab that activity increased with the longer chain alkyls, compounds 6-8, 10, and 12, linking the imidazole rings, with compound 12 being the most active having lethality against all of the NSCLC lines examined and lethality against nearly all cell lines tested

Globular Clusters in NGC 1275

We present the results of a deep photometric study of the outer halo of NGC 1275, the highly active cD galaxy at the center of the Perseus cluster. We find a modest excess of faint ($R > 22.5$) starlike objects in its halo, indicating a population of old-halo globular clusters. However, the total estimated cluster population corresponds to a specific frequency of $S_N = 4.4 \pm 1.2$, no larger than that of normal giant ellipticals and three times lower than that of other central cD galaxies such as M87. We discuss several ideas for the origin of this galaxy. Our results reinforce the view that high $S_N$ (ie: highly efficient globular cluster formation) is not associated with cooling flows, or with recent starburst or merger phenomena.Comment: 25 pages, latex, postscript figures, tarred, Unix compressed, postscript version of paper and figures available at http://www.physics.mcmaster.ca/Grads/DKaisler/office.htm

A PROFILE OF THE SPECIALTY FOOD RETAILING INDUSTRY IN THE EASTERN U.S.

This study investigated product introductions, marketing and distribution patterns among specialty food retailers in the eastern U. S. Based on 547 responses to a mailed survey, the results portray specialty food retailers as an extremely diverse group ranging from those who carry small specialty food sections within standard grocery or department stores to those who exclusively sell specialty foods. Respondents reported that new introductions account for about 22% of their total specialty food sales and that on average, they introduce about 23 products in a typical year. When evaluating new products, their most important considerations are quality followed by uniqueness.Agribusiness,

An EZ Mark to Miss

Ezh2, the methyltransferase within Polycomb Repressive II Complexes, was thought to be essential for all H3K27me3 marks in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Recently in Molecular Cell, Shen and colleagues (2008) revealed that EZH2 is dispensable for ESC derivation and self-renewal, and that EZH1 may unexpectedly compensate for its loss

Power systems research at MSFC

Power systems research reviews at Marshall Space Flight Cente

Vortex Physics in Confined Geometries

Patterned irradiation of cuprate superconductors with columnar defects allows a new generation of experiments which can probe the properties of vortex liquids by forcing them to flow in confined geometries. Such experiments can be used to distinguish experimentally between continuous disorder-driven glass transitions of vortex matter, such as the vortex glass or the Bose glass transition, and nonequilibrium polymer-like glass transitions driven by interaction and entanglement. For continuous glass transitions, an analysis of such experiments that combines an inhomogeneous scaling theory with the hydrodynamic description of viscous flow of vortex liquids can be used to infer the critical behavior. After generalizing vortex hydrodynamics to incorporate currents and field gradients both longitudinal and transverse to the applied field, the critical exponents for all six vortex liquid viscosities are obtained. In particular, the shear viscosity is predicted to diverge as $|T-T_{BG}|^{-\nu z}$ at the Bose glass transition, with $\nu\simeq 1$ and $z\simeq 4.6$ the dynamical critical exponent. The scaling behavior of the ac resistivity is also derived. As concrete examples of flux flow in confined geometries, flow in a channel and in the Corbino disk geometry are discussed in detail. Finally, the implications of scaling for the hydrodynamic description of transport in the dc flux transformer geometry are discussed.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Physica

Weak turbulence theory of the non-linear evolution of the ion ring distribution

The nonlinear evolution of an ion ring instability in a low-beta magnetospheric plasma is considered. The evolution of the two-dimensional ring distribution is essentially quasilinear. Ignoring nonlinear processes the time-scale for the quasilinear evolution is the same as for the linear instability 1/t_ql gamma_l. However, when nonlinear processes become important, a new time scale becomes relevant to the wave saturation mechanism. Induced nonlinear scattering of the lower-hybrid waves by plasma electrons is the dominant nonlinearity relevant for plasmas in the inner magnetosphere and typically occurs on the timescale 1/t_ql w(M/m)W/nT, where W is the wave energy density, nT is the thermal energy density of the background plasma, and M/m is the ion to electron mass ratio, which has the consequence that the wave amplitude saturates at a low level, and the timescale for quasilinear relaxation is extended by orders of magnitude

Analysis of Saturation Flow at Signalized Intersections

The accuracy of saturation flow values is of prime importance when determining the capacity of signalized intersections. The objective of this study was to collect a large sample of field measurements so that reliable saturation flow values could be obtained and the factors affecting saturation flow could be identified. The results identified several factors which had significant influence on saturation flow. A formula was recommended for use in estimating an appropriate saturation flow value for a specific lane on an approach to an intersection. Adjustment factors were applied to a base\u27\u27 saturation flow value. Adjustments were developed for the following factors; location in city, city population, vehicle type and turning maneuver, gradient, width of lane, turning radius (jar right-turning vehicles), pedestrian activity, type of lane, speed limit, and light condition

Child Restraint Usage in Kentucky (Pre-Legislation)

In an attempt to increase child restraint usage, a law was enacted by the 1982 Kentucky Legislature requiring use of child restraints for children forty inches or less in height. To evaluate the effectiveness of this law, a usage survey had to be completed before the law became effective. Objectives of this study were to determine statewide child restraint usage and statistics relating to improper usage. Seatbelt usage of drivers was also analyzed. A statewide child restraint usage rate of 14.4 percent was obtained. Only 44 percent of restraints were coded as used properly. Several factors, such as population, age of child, and driver restraint usage, were related to child restraint usage. The specific restraint brand was noted and a few, such as the Strolee and Bobby Mac, were the most common. The major overall improper usage was failure to tether the restraint as required. A statewide driver restraint usage rate of 4.2 percent was found

Accident Rates by Vehicle Type

This report describes the calculation of accident rates for different vehicle types, using vehicle-miles travelled as the measure of exposure. Rates are reported for passenger cars, single-unit trucks, combination trucks, buses, and motorcycles on various highway types. Highway types are broken down by functional classificaion, administrative classification, number of lanes, and rural or urban location. Generally motorcycles had the highest rates and passenger cars had the lowest, although this varied by highway type