Supporting ethnographic studies of ubiquitous computing in the wild

Ethnography has become a staple feature of IT research over the last twenty years, shaping our understanding of the social character of computing systems and informing their design in a wide variety of settings. The emergence of ubiquitous computing raises new challenges for ethnography however, distributing interaction across a burgeoning array of small, mobile devices and online environments which exploit invisible sensing systems. Understanding interaction requires ethnographers to reconcile interactions that are, for example, distributed across devices on the street with online interactions in order to assemble coherent understandings of the social character and purchase of ubiquitous computing systems. We draw upon four recent studies to show how ethnographers are replaying system recordings of interaction alongside existing resources such as video recordings to do this and identify key challenges that need to be met to support ethnographic study of ubiquitous computing in the wild

Non-invasive vascular assessment using photoplethysmography

Photoplethysmography (PPG) has become widely accepted as a valuable clinical tool for performing non-invasive biomedical monitoring. The dominant clinical application of PPG has been pulse oximetry, which uses spectral analysis of the peripheral blood supply to establish haemoglobin saturation. PPG has also found success in screening for venous dysfunction, though to a limited degree. Arterial Disease (AD) is a condition where blood flow in the arteries of the body is reduced,a condition known as ischaernia. Ischaernia can result in pain in the affected areas, such as chest pain for an ischearnic heart, but does not always produce symptoms. The most common form of AD is arteriosclerosis, which affects around 5% of the population over 50 years old. Arteriosclerosis, more commonly known as 'hardening of the arteries' is a condition that results in a gradual thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in the walls of the arteries, reducing overall blood flow. This thesis investigates the possibility of employing PPG to perform vascular assessment, specifically arterial assessment, in two ways. PPG based perfusion monitoring may allow identification of ischaernia in the periphery. To further investigate this premise, prospective experimental trials are performed, firstly to assess the viability of PPG based perfusion monitoring and culminating in the development of a more objective method for determining ABPI using PPG based vascular assessment. A complex interaction between the heart and the connective vasculature, detected at the measuring site, generates the PPG signal. The haemodynamic properties of the vasculature will affect the shape of the PPG waveform, characterising the PPG signal with the properties of the intermediary vasculature. This thesis investigates the feasibility of deriving quantitative vascular parameters from the PPG signal. A quantitative approach allows direct identification of pathology, simplifying vascular assessment. Both forward and inverse models are developed in order to investigate this topic. Application of the models in prospective experimental trials with both normal subjects and subjects suffering PVD have shown encouraging results. It is concluded that the PPG signal contains information on the connective vasculature of the subject. PPG may be used to perform vascular assessment using either perfusion based techniques, where the magnitude of the PPG signal is of interest, or by directly assessing the connective vasculature using PPG, where the shape of the PPG signal is of interest. it is argued that PPG perfusion based techniques for performing the ABPI diagnosis protocol can offer greater sensitivity to the onset of PAD, compared to more conventional methods. It is speculated that the PPG based ABPI diagnosis protocol could provide enhanced PAD diagnosis, detecting the onset of the disease and allowing a treatmenpt lan to be formed soonert han was possible previously. The determination of quantitative vascular parameters using PPG shape could allow direct vascular diagnosis, reducing subjectivity due to interpretation. The prospective trials investigating PPG shape analysis concentrated on PVD diagnosis, but it is speculated that quantitative PPG shaped based vascular assessment could be a powerful tool in the diagnosis of many vascular based pathological conditions

Searching for music: understanding the discovery, acquisition, processing and organization of music in a domestic setting for design

This series of studies make it clear that a wide range of both physical and digital resources are involved in domestic music consumption. The selection of digital resources is particularly evident, and it can be observed that domestic music consumption is a fragmented business, taking advantage of many different "channels'' for getting, using and preparing music. While there are not a series of common channels, each home displayed a variety of methods in respect to using metadata in multiple different modalities: regardless, the activities involved in getting, using and preparing music cohere through a noticeable, emergent set of workflows. We find that not only does metadata support searching, as one might expect, but also it pervades all parts of the workflow and is used in real-time as a reflexive artifact and in terms of its future perceived/prescribed use. The findings of the research raise a series of possibilities and issues that form the basis for understanding and designing for metadata use

Solar energy conversion

If solar energy is to become a practical alternative to fossil fuels, we must have efficient ways to convert photons into electricity, fuel, and heat. The need for better conversion technologies is a driving force behind many recent developments in biology, materials, and especially nanoscience

Production and Playback of Human Figure Motion 3D Virtual Environments

We describe a system for off-line production and real-time playback of motion for articulated human figures in 3D virtual environments. The key notions are (1) the logical storage of full body motion in posture graphs, which provides a simple motion access method for playback, and (2) mapping the motions of higher DOF figures using slaving to provide human models at several levels of detail, both in geometry and articulation, for later playback. We present our system in a context of a simple problem: Animating human figures in a distributed simulation, using DIS protocols for communication the human state information. We also discuss several related techniques for real-time animation of articulated figures in visual simulation

Late-Type Stars in M31. I.: A Photometric Study of AGB Stars and Metallicity Gradients.

We have imaged five 7\arcmin \x 7\arcmin\ fields in M31 spanning galactocentric radii from 4 to 32 kpc along the SW-major axis. The fields were observed through two broad-band (\V\ and \I) and two narrow-band (\CN\ and \TiO) filters. The broad-band data were used to construct \IvsVI\ color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and, in some of our fields, we found significant numbers of stars in the Cepheid instability strip. A distance modulus for the Cepheids in the middle field was found that agreed well with other values in the literature values. The width of the giant branch (GB) in the \IvsVI\ CMD of all 5 fields was investigated, and we show that in four of the fields a likely explanation for the GB width is a combination of {\it both} metallicity and mass variations. Using the broad-band data, the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) luminosity functions (LFs) were measured in the five fields, and we show that differences exist between these LFs. We speculate on how the different star forming histories in the fields may lead to the observed AGB LFs and GB widths. Using the narrow-band data along with the broad-band data we separated the AGB stars into carbon-rich (C) and oxygen-rich (M) types. The carbon stars LFs were used to obtain an estimate for the distance modulus of M31 which agrees with the value derived from Cepheids. The ratio of C- to M-stars (C/M) is believed to be an indicator of gaseous chemical abundance at the time of formation of these stars. We show that the C/M ratio increases smoothly with galactocentric distance, suggesting an inverse correlation with metallicity. This is the first demonstration of this effect within a single extragalactic system. We find that differences in the width of the GB and the AGB LFs do not significantly affect the C/M ratio. We consider the effect of the increasing C/M ratio on the ISM in M31, and cite evidence in favor of a model where the grain composition in M31 is a function of galactocentric distance.Comment: UUencoded compressed postscript, 3 Figs. available on request. (Contact [email protected]

Problematising international placements as a site of intercultural learning

This paper theorises some of the learning outcomes of a three-year project concerning student learning in international social work placements in Malaysia. The problematic issue of promoting cultural and intercultural competence through such placements is examined, where overlapping hegemonies are discussed in terms of isomorphism of social work models, that of the nation state, together with those relating to professional values and knowledge, and the tyrannies of received ideas. A critical discussion of cultural competence as the rationale for international placements is discussed in terms of the development of the graduating social worker as a self-reflexive practitioner. The development of sustainable international partnerships able to support student placement and the issue of non-symmetrical reciprocation, typical of wide socio-economic differentials across global regions, is additionally discussed

Legal Aspects of the Teacher Tenure Laws

The purpose of this study has been to discover those guiding principles which have been followed in the laws of those states having permanent teacher tenure legislation as such principles have manifested themselves in the work of the legislators who framed the laws and in the decisions of the courts which have given them judicial interpretation

Aortic calcification and femoral bone density are independently associated with left ventricular mass in patients with chronic kidney disease

Background Vascular calcification and reduced bone density are prevalent in chronic kidney disease and linked to increased cardiovascular risk. The mechanism is unknown. We assessed the relationship between vascular calcification, femoral bone density and left ventricular mass in patients with stage 3 non-diabetic chronic kidney disease in a cross-sectional observational study. Methodology and Principal Findings A total of 120 patients were recruited (54% male, mean age 55±14 years, mean glomerular filtration rate 50±13 ml/min/1.73 m2). Abdominal aortic calcification was assessed using lateral lumbar spine radiography and was present in 48%. Mean femoral Z-score measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was 0.60±1.06. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine left ventricular mass. One patient had left ventricular hypertrophy. Subjects with aortic calcification had higher left ventricular mass compared to those without (56±16 vs. 48±12 g/m2, P = 0.002), as did patients with femoral Z-scores below zero (56±15 vs. 49±13 g/m2, P = 0.01). In univariate analysis presence of aortic calcification correlated with left ventricular mass (r = 0.32, P = 0.001); mean femoral Z-score inversely correlated with left ventricular mass (r = −0.28, P = 0.004). In a multivariate regression model that included presence of aortic calcification, mean femoral Z-score, gender and 24-hour systolic blood pressure, 46% of the variability in left ventricular mass was explained (P<0.001). Conclusions In patients with stage 3 non-diabetic chronic kidney disease, lower mean femoral Z-score and presence of aortic calcification are independently associated with increased left ventricular mass. Further research exploring the pathophysiology that underlies these relationships is warranted

No limits of acceptable change: A proposed research framework for informing visitor use management in the context of cultural resources

Cultural resources are commonly defined as resources that provide material evidence of past human activities. These resources are unique, as they are both finite and non-renewable. This provides a challenge for traditional visitor use management since these resources have no limits of acceptable change. However, with nearly every national park in the US containing cultural resources, coupled with ever-growing visitation, it is essential that managers of parks and protected areas have the ability to make science-informed decisions about cultural resources in the context of visitor use management. We propose a framework that can help provide context and exploration for these challenges. Drawing on previous literature, this framework includes risk-based approaches to decision making about visitor use; visitor cognitions related to cultural resources; emotions, mood, and affect related to cultural resource experiences; creating and evaluating interpretive programs; deviant visitor behaviors related to cultural resources; and co-management